{"id": 993951, "name": "Share of people who said they were recently asked for a bribe or paid one", "unit": "%", "createdAt": "2024-10-21T16:48:44.000Z", "updatedAt": "2025-07-11T11:18:58.000Z", "coverage": "", "timespan": "2004-2022", "datasetId": 6761, "shortUnit": "%", "columnOrder": 0, "shortName": "_16_5_1__iu_cor_brib__both_sexes", "catalogPath": "grapher/un/2024-08-27/un_sdg/_16_5_1__iu_cor_brib__both_sexes#_16_5_1__iu_cor_brib__both_sexes", "descriptionShort": "Share of respondents who reported having contact with a public official in the past 12 months and paying or being asked to pay a [bribe](#dod:bribery).", "descriptionFromProducer": "This indicator is defined as the percentage of persons who paid at least one bribe (gave a public official money, a gift or counter favour) to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by these public officials, in the last 12 months, as a percentage of persons who had at least one contact with a public official in the same period.\n\nIn the International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS), bribery is defined as: \u2018Promising, offering, giving, soliciting, or accepting an undue advantage to or from a public official or a person who directs or works in a private sector entity, directly or indirectly, in order that the person act or refrain from acting in the exercise of his or her official duties\u2019 (ICCS Category 07031).\n\nThis definition is based on definitions of bribery of national public officials, bribery of foreign public officials and official of international organisations and bribery in the private sector that are contained in the United Nations Convention against Corruption (articles 15, 16, and 21). While the concept of bribery is broader, as it includes also actions such as promising or offering, and it covers both public and private sector, this indicator focuses on specific forms of bribery that are more measurable (the giving and/or requesting of bribes) and it limits the scope to the public sector.\n\nThe concept of undue advantage is operationalized by reference to giving of money (in addition to an official fee), gifts or provision of a service requested/offered by/to a public official in exchange for a special treatment. This indicator captures the often called \u2018administrative bribery\u2019, which is often intended as the type of bribery affecting citizens in their dealings with public administrations and/or civil servants.\n\nFor this indicator, public official refers to persons holding a legislative, executive, administrative or judicial office.\n\nIn the operationalization of the indicator, a list of selected officials and civil servants is used.\n\nFurther information available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-16-05-01.pdf", "type": "float", "dataChecksum": "13336976486929925561", "metadataChecksum": "-5106889954169639626", "datasetName": "United Nations Sustainable Development Goals", "updatePeriodDays": 730, "datasetVersion": "2024-08-27", "nonRedistributable": false, "display": {"unit": "%", "shortUnit": "%", "numDecimalPlaces": 1}, "schemaVersion": 2, "processingLevel": "minor", "presentation": {"topicTagsLinks": ["Corruption"]}, "descriptionKey": ["This indicator measures how common bribery is in people\u2019s everyday interactions with public officials. It shows the share of individuals who, in the past year, either paid a bribe or were asked to pay one during contact with a public official.", "Bribes can take the form of money, gifts, or favors given in exchange for special treatment. The focus is on petty or administrative bribery \u2014 the kind people may face when accessing basic services, such as dealing with the police, schools, or healthcare.", "\u201cPublic officials\u201d refers to anyone holding a legislative, executive, administrative, or judicial role \u2014 including police officers, customs agents, judges, teachers, and doctors. The data does not cover high-level political corruption, trading of influence, or abuse of office.", "Data comes primarily from national surveys, where respondents report their own direct experiences. Reports involving intermediaries (e.g. a bribe paid through someone else) are included, but second-hand accounts from other household members are excluded.", "When national data is unavailable or insufficient, estimates may draw on [Global Corruption Barometer (GCB)](https://www.transparency.org/en/gcb) data, provided it aligns closely with UNODC definitions. These estimates are reviewed and validated by national authorities, usually through national statistics offices.", "In some cases \u2014 such as Peru and Panama \u2014 UNODC estimates differ significantly from the GCB's figures. These differences may arise from variations in survey scope (e.g. UNODC's surveys inquire about any contact with public officials, while GCB asks about contact concerning a few core services), sample size, how people without recent contact with officials are handled, or how surveys are conducted (e.g. phone vs. in-person).", "Earlier surveys often excluded people who were asked for a bribe but refused to pay. This likely led to underestimates of the prevalence of bribery. The UNODC aims to correct this by applying standardised methods across countries."], "dimensions": {"years": {"values": [{"id": 2015}, {"id": 2021}, {"id": 2016}, {"id": 2020}, {"id": 2018}, {"id": 2013}, {"id": 2014}, {"id": 2019}, {"id": 2010}, {"id": 2022}, {"id": 2004}, {"id": 2009}, {"id": 2017}, {"id": 2012}, {"id": 2005}, {"id": 2007}, {"id": 2008}, {"id": 2011}, {"id": 2006}]}, "entities": {"values": [{"id": 39, "name": "Bulgaria", "code": "BGR"}, {"id": 142, "name": "Myanmar", "code": "MMR"}, {"id": 30, "name": "Belarus", "code": "BLR"}, {"id": 42, "name": "Cambodia", "code": "KHM"}, {"id": 17, "name": "Algeria", "code": "DZA"}, {"id": 43, "name": "Cameroon", "code": "CMR"}, {"id": 45, "name": "Cape Verde", "code": "CPV"}, {"id": 141, "name": "Sri Lanka", "code": "LKA"}, {"id": 172, "name": "Chile", "code": "CHL"}, {"id": 170, "name": "Colombia", "code": "COL"}, {"id": 167, "name": "Democratic Republic of Congo", "code": "COD"}, {"id": 166, "name": "Costa Rica", "code": "CRI"}, {"id": 165, "name": "Croatia", "code": "HRV"}, {"id": 163, "name": "Cyprus", "code": "CYP"}, {"id": 162, "name": "Czechia", "code": "CZE"}, {"id": 32, "name": "Benin", "code": "BEN"}, {"id": 161, "name": "Denmark", "code": "DNK"}, {"id": 160, "name": "Dominican Republic", "code": "DOM"}, {"id": 201, "name": "Ecuador", "code": "ECU"}, {"id": 259, "name": "El Salvador", "code": "SLV"}, {"id": 156, "name": "Estonia", "code": "EST"}, {"id": 202, "name": "Fiji", "code": "FJI"}, {"id": 155, "name": "Finland", "code": "FIN"}, {"id": 3, "name": "France", "code": "FRA"}, {"id": 203, "name": "French Polynesia", "code": "PYF"}, {"id": 153, "name": "Gabon", "code": "GAB"}, {"id": 152, "name": "Georgia", "code": "GEO"}, {"id": 151, "name": "Gambia", "code": "GMB"}, {"id": 140, "name": "Palestine", "code": "PSE"}, {"id": 6, "name": "Germany", "code": "DEU"}, {"id": 150, "name": "Ghana", "code": "GHA"}, {"id": 204, "name": "Kiribati", "code": "KIR"}, {"id": 149, "name": "Greece", "code": "GRC"}, {"id": 25, "name": "Azerbaijan", "code": "AZE"}, {"id": 21, "name": "Argentina", "code": "ARG"}, {"id": 148, "name": "Guatemala", "code": "GTM"}, {"id": 147, "name": "Guinea", "code": "GIN"}, {"id": 146, "name": "Guyana", "code": "GUY"}, {"id": 139, "name": "Honduras", "code": "HND"}, {"id": 144, "name": "Hong Kong", "code": "HKG"}, {"id": 138, "name": "Hungary", "code": "HUN"}, {"id": 137, "name": "India", "code": "IND"}, {"id": 23, "name": "Australia", "code": "AUS"}, {"id": 136, "name": "Indonesia", "code": "IDN"}, {"id": 2, "name": "Ireland", "code": "IRL"}, {"id": 8, "name": "Italy", "code": "ITA"}, {"id": 143, "name": "Cote d'Ivoire", "code": "CIV"}, {"id": 132, "name": "Jamaica", "code": "JAM"}, {"id": 14, "name": "Japan", "code": "JPN"}, {"id": 131, "name": "Kazakhstan", "code": "KAZ"}, {"id": 15, "name": "Afghanistan", "code": "AFG"}, {"id": 24, "name": "Austria", "code": "AUT"}, {"id": 130, "name": "Jordan", "code": "JOR"}, {"id": 129, "name": "Kenya", "code": "KEN"}, {"id": 379, "name": "Kosovo", "code": "OWID_KOS"}, {"id": 126, "name": "Kyrgyzstan", "code": "KGZ"}, {"id": 124, "name": "Lebanon", "code": "LBN"}, {"id": 123, "name": "Lesotho", "code": "LSO"}, {"id": 122, "name": "Latvia", "code": "LVA"}, {"id": 121, "name": "Liberia", "code": "LBR"}, {"id": 26, "name": "Bahamas", "code": "BHS"}, {"id": 119, "name": "Lithuania", "code": "LTU"}, {"id": 210, "name": "Luxembourg", "code": "LUX"}, {"id": 118, "name": "Madagascar", "code": "MDG"}, {"id": 117, "name": "Malawi", "code": "MWI"}, {"id": 116, "name": "Malaysia", "code": "MYS"}, {"id": 211, "name": "Maldives", "code": "MDV"}, {"id": 115, "name": "Mali", "code": "MLI"}, {"id": 212, "name": "Malta", "code": "MLT"}, {"id": 213, "name": "Mauritius", "code": "MUS"}, {"id": 113, "name": "Mexico", "code": "MEX"}, {"id": 112, "name": "Mongolia", "code": "MNG"}, {"id": 111, "name": "Moldova", "code": "MDA"}, {"id": 215, "name": "Montenegro", "code": "MNE"}, {"id": 28, "name": "Bangladesh", "code": "BGD"}, {"id": 110, "name": "Morocco", "code": "MAR"}, {"id": 109, "name": "Mozambique", "code": "MOZ"}, {"id": 22, "name": "Armenia", "code": "ARM"}, {"id": 108, "name": "Namibia", "code": "NAM"}, {"id": 29, "name": "Barbados", "code": "BRB"}, {"id": 107, "name": "Nepal", "code": "NPL"}, {"id": 5, "name": "Netherlands", "code": "NLD"}, {"id": 220, "name": "New Caledonia", "code": "NCL"}, {"id": 221, "name": "Vanuatu", "code": "VUT"}, {"id": 105, "name": "Nicaragua", "code": "NIC"}, {"id": 4, "name": "Belgium", "code": "BEL"}, {"id": 104, "name": "Niger", "code": "NER"}, {"id": 103, "name": "Nigeria", "code": "NGA"}, {"id": 222, "name": "Micronesia (country)", "code": "FSM"}, {"id": 101, "name": "Pakistan", "code": "PAK"}, {"id": 100, "name": "Panama", "code": "PAN"}, {"id": 99, "name": "Papua New Guinea", "code": "PNG"}, {"id": 98, "name": "Paraguay", "code": "PRY"}, {"id": 97, "name": "Peru", "code": "PER"}, {"id": 96, "name": "Philippines", "code": "PHL"}, {"id": 11, "name": "Poland", "code": "POL"}, {"id": 95, "name": "Portugal", "code": "PRT"}, {"id": 225, "name": "East Timor", "code": "TLS"}, {"id": 92, "name": "Romania", "code": "ROU"}, {"id": 12, "name": "Russia", "code": "RUS"}, {"id": 229, "name": "Saint Lucia", "code": "LCA"}, {"id": 232, "name": "Sao Tome and Principe", "code": "STP"}, {"id": 34, "name": "Bolivia", "code": "BOL"}, {"id": 89, "name": "Senegal", "code": "SEN"}, {"id": 88, "name": "Serbia", "code": "SRB"}, {"id": 87, "name": "Sierra Leone", "code": "SLE"}, {"id": 35, "name": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "code": "BIH"}, {"id": 85, "name": "Slovakia", "code": "SVK"}, {"id": 84, "name": "Vietnam", "code": "VNM"}, {"id": 83, "name": "Slovenia", "code": "SVN"}, {"id": 81, "name": "South Africa", "code": "ZAF"}, {"id": 80, "name": "Zimbabwe", "code": "ZWE"}, {"id": 36, "name": "Botswana", "code": "BWA"}, {"id": 9, "name": "Spain", "code": "ESP"}, {"id": 79, "name": "Sudan", "code": "SDN"}, {"id": 78, "name": "Eswatini", "code": "SWZ"}, {"id": 10, "name": "Sweden", "code": "SWE"}, {"id": 7, "name": "Switzerland", "code": "CHE"}, {"id": 37, "name": "Brazil", "code": "BRA"}, {"id": 76, "name": "Tajikistan", "code": "TJK"}, {"id": 75, "name": "Thailand", "code": "THA"}, {"id": 74, "name": "Togo", "code": "TGO"}, {"id": 235, "name": "Tonga", "code": "TON"}, {"id": 73, "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "code": "TTO"}, {"id": 71, "name": "Tunisia", "code": "TUN"}, {"id": 70, "name": "Turkey", "code": "TUR"}, {"id": 68, "name": "Uganda", "code": "UGA"}, {"id": 67, "name": "Ukraine", "code": "UKR"}, {"id": 66, "name": "North Macedonia", "code": "MKD"}, {"id": 65, "name": "Egypt", "code": "EGY"}, {"id": 64, "name": "Tanzania", "code": "TZA"}, {"id": 40, "name": "Burkina Faso", "code": "BFA"}, {"id": 63, "name": "Uruguay", "code": "URY"}, {"id": 62, "name": "Uzbekistan", "code": "UZB"}, {"id": 238, "name": "Venezuela", "code": "VEN"}, {"id": 239, "name": "Samoa", "code": "WSM"}, {"id": 61, "name": "Yemen", "code": "YEM"}, {"id": 60, "name": "Zambia", "code": "ZMB"}, {"id": 195, "name": "Solomon Islands", "code": "SLB"}]}}, "origins": [{"id": 1659, "title": "Data from multiple sources", "description": "The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) dataset is the primary collection of data tracking progress towards the SDG indicators, compiled from officially-recognized international sources.", "producer": "United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "citationFull": "United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime via UN SDG Indicators Database (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal), UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (accessed 2024). More information available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-16-05-01.pdf.", "attributionShort": "UNODC", "urlMain": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal", "urlDownload": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgapi", "dateAccessed": "2024-08-27", "license": {"url": "https://www.un.org/en/about-us/terms-of-use", "name": "\u00a9 2024 United Nations"}}]}