{"id": 814486, "name": "Augmented Human Development Index (AHDI)", "unit": "", "createdAt": "2023-09-28T15:28:41.000Z", "updatedAt": "2025-06-23T14:53:10.000Z", "coverage": "", "timespan": "1870-2020", "datasetId": 6247, "shortUnit": "", "columnOrder": 0, "shortName": "ahdi", "catalogPath": "grapher/ahdi/2023-09-08/augmented_hdi/augmented_hdi#ahdi", "descriptionShort": "The AHDI seeks to give a historical perspective on human development, in four dimensions: healthy life, knowledge, a decent standard of living, and civil and political freedom.\n", "descriptionFromProducer": "Human wellbeing is widely viewed as a multidimensional phenomenon, in which income is only one facet. Human development, originally defined as a process of enlarging people\u2019s choices, namely, enjoying a healthy life, acquiring knowledge and achieving a decent standard of living, provides a multidimensional measure of wellbeing.\n\nThese achievements provide individuals with freedom to choose and the opportunity to lead their own lives. Thus, human development can be depicted as positive freedom by which individuals are granted access to resources, including property, that allow them to develop their personal potential.\n\nIn order to provide a synthetic measure of augmented human development, its different dimensions are expressed in index form,\n\n  - life expectancy at birth as a proxy for a healthy life,\n  - years of schooling as a proxy for access to knowledge,\n  - liberal democracy as a proxy for freedom,\n  - and discounted GDP per head as a surrogate for wellbeing dimensions other than education and health.\n\nThe indices for each dimension are, then, combined using equal weights into an index of human development.\n\nIn an attempt to reduce the substitutability between its different dimensions \u2013namely, to avoid that a high achievement in one dimension linearly compensates for a low achievement in another\u2013, the indices for each dimension are combined into a historical index of human development using a geometric average.\n\nIf we denote the non-linearly transformed values of life expectancy and education as LEB and EDU, LD to represent those of liberal democracy, and the adjusted per capita income as UNY, the historical index of human development can be expressed as,\n\n_AHDI = (LEB * EDU * LD * UNY)^(1/4)_\n", "licenses": "[{\"url\": \"https://frdelpino.es/investigacion/en/category/01_social-sciences/02_world-economy/03_human-development-world-economy/\", \"name\": \"Creative Commons BY 4.0\"}]", "type": "float", "grapherConfigIdETL": "0191c16a-91ad-7475-bb61-487d353d2173", "dataChecksum": "6166457440415839181", "metadataChecksum": "-8619389579558202545", "datasetName": "Augmented Human Development Index (AHDI)", "updatePeriodDays": 1095, "datasetVersion": "2023-09-08", "nonRedistributable": false, "display": {"name": "Augmented Human Development Index (AHDI)", "numDecimalPlaces": 3, "entityAnnotationsMap": "Western offshoots (AHDI): United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand"}, "schemaVersion": 2, "processingLevel": "minor", "presentation": {"topicTagsLinks": ["Human Development Index (HDI)", "Life Expectancy", "Global Education", "Democracy", "Economic Growth"]}, "descriptionKey": ["Each of the dimensions of the AHDI is measured with four indicators: a long and healthy life is measured by _life expectancy at birth_, knowledge is measured by _mean_ _years of schooling_; a decent standard of living is measured by _GDP per capita_, logarithmized to reflect that incomes become less important as they increase; and civil and political freedom is measured by [_Varieties of Democracy's Liberal democracy index_](https://ourworldindata.org/vdem-electoral-democracy-data).", "The index is then calculated by normalizing the indicators. First, the indicators are brought onto the same scale, ranging from 0 to 1. This is done by setting minimum and maximum values for each indicator, and a country at or below the minimum value receiving a score of 0, and a country at or above the maximum value receiving a score of 1.", "The minimum and maximum values for each indicator are defined as follows: _Life expectancy at birth_ ranges between 20 and 85 years; _mean years of schooling_, between 0 and 15 years; _GDP per capita_ between 100 and 47,000 international-$ at 1990 prices; and V-Dem's Liberal democracy index is already standardized between 0 and 1 (most democratic).", "The AHDI is then estimated as the geometric mean of these indices, or _AHDI = (Health index * Education index * Income index * Freedom index)^(1/4)_."], "dimensions": {"years": {"values": [{"id": 1950}, {"id": 1955}, {"id": 1960}, {"id": 1965}, {"id": 1970}, {"id": 1975}, {"id": 1980}, {"id": 1985}, {"id": 1990}, {"id": 1995}, {"id": 2000}, {"id": 2005}, {"id": 2010}, {"id": 2015}, {"id": 2020}, {"id": 1870}, {"id": 1880}, {"id": 1890}, {"id": 1900}, {"id": 1913}, {"id": 1925}, {"id": 1929}, {"id": 1933}, {"id": 1938}]}, "entities": {"values": [{"id": 15, "name": "Afghanistan", "code": "AFG"}, {"id": 16, "name": "Albania", "code": "ALB"}, {"id": 17, "name": "Algeria", "code": "DZA"}, {"id": 19, "name": "Angola", "code": "AGO"}, {"id": 21, "name": "Argentina", "code": "ARG"}, {"id": 22, "name": "Armenia", "code": "ARM"}, {"id": 23, "name": "Australia", "code": "AUS"}, {"id": 24, "name": "Austria", "code": "AUT"}, {"id": 25, "name": "Azerbaijan", "code": "AZE"}, {"id": 26, "name": "Bahamas", "code": "BHS"}, {"id": 27, "name": "Bahrain", "code": "BHR"}, {"id": 28, "name": "Bangladesh", "code": "BGD"}, {"id": 29, "name": "Barbados", "code": "BRB"}, {"id": 30, "name": "Belarus", "code": "BLR"}, {"id": 4, "name": "Belgium", "code": "BEL"}, {"id": 31, "name": "Belize", "code": "BLZ"}, {"id": 32, "name": "Benin", "code": "BEN"}, {"id": 34, "name": "Bolivia", "code": "BOL"}, {"id": 36, "name": "Botswana", "code": "BWA"}, {"id": 37, "name": "Brazil", "code": "BRA"}, {"id": 38, "name": "Brunei", "code": "BRN"}, {"id": 39, "name": "Bulgaria", "code": "BGR"}, {"id": 40, "name": "Burkina Faso", "code": "BFA"}, {"id": 41, "name": "Burundi", "code": "BDI"}, {"id": 174, "name": "Central African Republic", "code": "CAF"}, {"id": 42, "name": "Cambodia", "code": "KHM"}, {"id": 43, "name": "Cameroon", "code": "CMR"}, {"id": 44, "name": "Canada", "code": "CAN"}, {"id": 173, "name": "Chad", "code": "TCD"}, {"id": 172, "name": "Chile", "code": "CHL"}, {"id": 171, "name": "China", "code": "CHN"}, {"id": 170, "name": "Colombia", "code": "COL"}, {"id": 168, "name": "Congo", "code": "COG"}, {"id": 167, "name": "Democratic Republic of Congo", "code": "COD"}, {"id": 166, "name": "Costa Rica", "code": "CRI"}, {"id": 165, "name": "Croatia", "code": "HRV"}, {"id": 164, "name": "Cuba", "code": "CUB"}, {"id": 163, "name": "Cyprus", "code": "CYP"}, {"id": 162, "name": "Czechia", "code": "CZE"}, {"id": 143, "name": "Cote d'Ivoire", "code": "CIV"}, {"id": 161, "name": "Denmark", "code": "DNK"}, {"id": 160, "name": "Dominican Republic", "code": "DOM"}, {"id": 367601, "name": "East Asia (AHDI)", "code": null}, {"id": 367602, "name": "Eastern Europe (AHDI)", "code": null}, {"id": 201, "name": "Ecuador", "code": "ECU"}, {"id": 65, "name": "Egypt", "code": "EGY"}, {"id": 259, "name": "El Salvador", "code": "SLV"}, {"id": 159, "name": "Equatorial Guinea", "code": "GNQ"}, {"id": 157, "name": "Eritrea", "code": "ERI"}, {"id": 156, "name": "Estonia", "code": "EST"}, {"id": 78, "name": "Eswatini", "code": "SWZ"}, {"id": 158, "name": "Ethiopia", "code": "ETH"}, {"id": 155, "name": "Finland", "code": "FIN"}, {"id": 3, "name": "France", "code": "FRA"}, {"id": 153, "name": "Gabon", "code": "GAB"}, {"id": 151, "name": "Gambia", "code": "GMB"}, {"id": 152, "name": "Georgia", "code": "GEO"}, {"id": 6, "name": "Germany", "code": "DEU"}, {"id": 150, "name": "Ghana", "code": "GHA"}, {"id": 149, "name": "Greece", "code": "GRC"}, {"id": 148, "name": "Guatemala", "code": "GTM"}, {"id": 147, "name": "Guinea", "code": "GIN"}, {"id": 94, "name": "Guinea-Bissau", "code": "GNB"}, {"id": 146, "name": "Guyana", "code": "GUY"}, {"id": 145, "name": "Haiti", "code": "HTI"}, {"id": 139, "name": "Honduras", "code": "HND"}, {"id": 144, "name": "Hong Kong", "code": "HKG"}, {"id": 138, "name": "Hungary", "code": "HUN"}, {"id": 207, "name": "Iceland", "code": "ISL"}, {"id": 137, "name": "India", "code": "IND"}, {"id": 136, "name": "Indonesia", "code": "IDN"}, {"id": 135, "name": "Iran", "code": "IRN"}, {"id": 134, "name": "Iraq", "code": "IRQ"}, {"id": 2, "name": "Ireland", "code": "IRL"}, {"id": 133, "name": "Israel", "code": "ISR"}, {"id": 8, "name": "Italy", "code": "ITA"}, {"id": 132, "name": "Jamaica", "code": "JAM"}, {"id": 14, "name": "Japan", "code": "JPN"}, {"id": 130, "name": "Jordan", "code": "JOR"}, {"id": 131, "name": "Kazakhstan", "code": "KAZ"}, {"id": 129, "name": "Kenya", "code": "KEN"}, {"id": 127, "name": "South Korea", "code": "KOR"}, {"id": 208, "name": "Kuwait", "code": "KWT"}, {"id": 126, "name": "Kyrgyzstan", "code": "KGZ"}, {"id": 125, "name": "Laos", "code": "LAO"}, {"id": 367598, "name": "Latin America (AHDI)", "code": null}, {"id": 122, "name": "Latvia", "code": "LVA"}, {"id": 124, "name": "Lebanon", "code": "LBN"}, {"id": 123, "name": "Lesotho", "code": "LSO"}, {"id": 121, "name": "Liberia", "code": "LBR"}, {"id": 119, "name": "Lithuania", "code": "LTU"}, {"id": 120, "name": "Libya", "code": "LBY"}, {"id": 118, "name": "Madagascar", "code": "MDG"}, {"id": 117, "name": "Malawi", "code": "MWI"}, {"id": 116, "name": "Malaysia", "code": "MYS"}, {"id": 115, "name": "Mali", "code": "MLI"}, {"id": 212, "name": "Malta", "code": "MLT"}, {"id": 114, "name": "Mauritania", "code": "MRT"}, {"id": 213, "name": "Mauritius", "code": "MUS"}, {"id": 113, "name": "Mexico", "code": "MEX"}, {"id": 367600, "name": "Middle East (AHDI)", "code": null}, {"id": 111, "name": "Moldova", "code": "MDA"}, {"id": 112, "name": "Mongolia", "code": "MNG"}, {"id": 110, "name": "Morocco", "code": "MAR"}, {"id": 109, "name": "Mozambique", "code": "MOZ"}, {"id": 142, "name": "Myanmar", "code": "MMR"}, {"id": 108, "name": "Namibia", "code": "NAM"}, {"id": 107, "name": "Nepal", "code": "NPL"}, {"id": 5, "name": "Netherlands", "code": "NLD"}, {"id": 106, "name": "New Zealand", "code": "NZL"}, {"id": 105, "name": "Nicaragua", "code": "NIC"}, {"id": 104, "name": "Niger", "code": "NER"}, {"id": 103, "name": "Nigeria", "code": "NGA"}, {"id": 367599, "name": "North Africa (AHDI)", "code": null}, {"id": 102, "name": "Norway", "code": "NOR"}, {"id": 367594, "name": "OECD (AHDI)", "code": null}, {"id": 217, "name": "Oman", "code": "OMN"}, {"id": 101, "name": "Pakistan", "code": "PAK"}, {"id": 100, "name": "Panama", "code": "PAN"}, {"id": 98, "name": "Paraguay", "code": "PRY"}, {"id": 97, "name": "Peru", "code": "PER"}, {"id": 96, "name": "Philippines", "code": "PHL"}, {"id": 11, "name": "Poland", "code": "POL"}, {"id": 95, "name": "Portugal", "code": "PRT"}, {"id": 226, "name": "Qatar", "code": "QAT"}, {"id": 92, "name": "Romania", "code": "ROU"}, {"id": 12, "name": "Russia", "code": "RUS"}, {"id": 91, "name": "Rwanda", "code": "RWA"}, {"id": 90, "name": "Saudi Arabia", "code": "SAU"}, {"id": 89, "name": "Senegal", "code": "SEN"}, {"id": 88, "name": "Serbia", "code": "SRB"}, {"id": 233, "name": "Seychelles", "code": "SYC"}, {"id": 87, "name": "Sierra Leone", "code": "SLE"}, {"id": 86, "name": "Singapore", "code": "SGP"}, {"id": 85, "name": "Slovakia", "code": "SVK"}, {"id": 83, "name": "Slovenia", "code": "SVN"}, {"id": 81, "name": "South Africa", "code": "ZAF"}, {"id": 367603, "name": "South Asia (AHDI)", "code": null}, {"id": 9, "name": "Spain", "code": "ESP"}, {"id": 141, "name": "Sri Lanka", "code": "LKA"}, {"id": 227, "name": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "code": "KNA"}, {"id": 229, "name": "Saint Lucia", "code": "LCA"}, {"id": 230, "name": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "code": "VCT"}, {"id": 367597, "name": "Sub Saharan Africa (AHDI)", "code": null}, {"id": 79, "name": "Sudan", "code": "SDN"}, {"id": 234, "name": "Suriname", "code": "SUR"}, {"id": 10, "name": "Sweden", "code": "SWE"}, {"id": 7, "name": "Switzerland", "code": "CHE"}, {"id": 77, "name": "Syria", "code": "SYR"}, {"id": 232, "name": "Sao Tome and Principe", "code": "STP"}, {"id": 198, "name": "Taiwan", "code": "TWN"}, {"id": 76, "name": "Tajikistan", "code": "TJK"}, {"id": 64, "name": "Tanzania", "code": "TZA"}, {"id": 75, "name": "Thailand", "code": "THA"}, {"id": 367593, "name": "Non-1995 OECD (AHDI)", "code": null}, {"id": 74, "name": "Togo", "code": "TGO"}, {"id": 73, "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "code": "TTO"}, {"id": 71, "name": "Tunisia", "code": "TUN"}, {"id": 70, "name": "Turkey", "code": "TUR"}, {"id": 72, "name": "United Arab Emirates", "code": "ARE"}, {"id": 1, "name": "United Kingdom", "code": "GBR"}, {"id": 13, "name": "United States", "code": "USA"}, {"id": 68, "name": "Uganda", "code": "UGA"}, {"id": 67, "name": "Ukraine", "code": "UKR"}, {"id": 63, "name": "Uruguay", "code": "URY"}, {"id": 62, "name": "Uzbekistan", "code": "UZB"}, {"id": 238, "name": "Venezuela", "code": "VEN"}, {"id": 84, "name": "Vietnam", "code": "VNM"}, {"id": 367595, "name": "Western Europe (AHDI)", "code": null}, {"id": 367596, "name": "Western offshoots (AHDI)", "code": null}, {"id": 355, "name": "World", "code": "OWID_WRL"}, {"id": 61, "name": "Yemen", "code": "YEM"}, {"id": 60, "name": "Zambia", "code": "ZMB"}, {"id": 80, "name": "Zimbabwe", "code": "ZWE"}]}}, "origins": [{"id": 94, "title": "Augmented Human Development Index (AHDI) - Country data", "description": "The economic historian Leandro Prados de la Escosura has calculated the AHDI over the last 150 years. He refers to it as the Augmented Human Development Index.\n\n## Dimensions of Augmented Human Development\n\nIn order to provide a synthetic measure of augmented human development, its different dimensions are expressed in index form,\n\n  - life expectancy at birth as a proxy for a healthy life,\n  - years of schooling as a proxy for access to knowledge,\n  - liberal democracy as a proxy for freedom,\n  - and discounted GDP per head as a surrogate for wellbeing dimensions other than education and health.\n\nLife expectancy is defined as the average number of years of life which would remain for males and females reaching the ages specified if they continued to be subjected to the same mortality experienced in the year(s) to which these life expectancies refer.\n\nEducation attainment is measured by the average years of total schooling (primary, secondary, and tertiary) for the population aged 15 and over.\n\nThe Liberal Democracy Index combines the electoral democracy index and the liberal component index. The former incorporates indices of freedom of association, expression, suffrage, and clean elections. The latter includes indices of equality before the law and individual liberty, judicial constraints on the executive, and legislative constraints on the executive.\n\nGDP per head is expressed in 1990 dollars adjusted for its purchasing power adjusted, that it, for the difference in price level across countries (the so-called Geary-Khamis [G-K] 1990 $).\n\n## Time and Spatial Coverage\n\nOver the entire time span, 1870-2020, 115 countries are considered, and its number rises up to 121, 146, 161, and 162 countries for the samples starting in 1913, 1950, 1980, and 1990, respectively. These samples represent above 90 per cent of the world population (and practically 100 per cent after 1950).\n\n## Alert: measuring changes in the index\n\nBy how much did human development improve over the long run? Given the way in which the index has been computed, the conventional logarithmic rate of variation (as in the case of GDP per head) can be used.", "producer": "Leandro Prados de la Escosura", "citationFull": "Prados de la Escosura, L. (2021), Augmented Human Development in the Age of Globalisation, Economic History Review.", "urlMain": "https://frdelpino.es/investigacion/en/category/01_social-sciences/02_world-economy/03_human-development-world-economy/", "urlDownload": "https://frdelpino.es/investigacion/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/AHDI_countries_1870-2020.xlsx", "dateAccessed": "2023-09-08", "datePublished": "2021"}, {"id": 95, "title": "Augmented Human Development Index (AHDI) - Regional data", "description": "The economic historian Leandro Prados de la Escosura has calculated the AHDI over the last 150 years. He refers to it as the Augmented Human Development Index.\n\n## Dimensions of Augmented Human Development\n\nIn order to provide a synthetic measure of augmented human development, its different dimensions are expressed in index form,\n\n  - life expectancy at birth as a proxy for a healthy life,\n  - years of schooling as a proxy for access to knowledge,\n  - liberal democracy as a proxy for freedom,\n  - and discounted GDP per head as a surrogate for wellbeing dimensions other than education and health.\n\nLife expectancy is defined as the average number of years of life which would remain for males and females reaching the ages specified if they continued to be subjected to the same mortality experienced in the year(s) to which these life expectancies refer.\n\nEducation attainment is measured by the average years of total schooling (primary, secondary, and tertiary) for the population aged 15 and over.\n\nThe Liberal Democracy Index combines the electoral democracy index and the liberal component index. The former incorporates indices of freedom of association, expression, suffrage, and clean elections. The latter includes indices of equality before the law and individual liberty, judicial constraints on the executive, and legislative constraints on the executive.\n\nGDP per head is expressed in 1990 dollars adjusted for its purchasing power adjusted, that it, for the difference in price level across countries (the so-called Geary-Khamis [G-K] 1990 $).\n\n## Time and Spatial Coverage\n\nOver the entire time span, 1870-2020, 115 countries are considered, and its number rises up to 121, 146, 161, and 162 countries for the samples starting in 1913, 1950, 1980, and 1990, respectively. These samples represent above 90 per cent of the world population (and practically 100 per cent after 1950).\n\n## Alert: measuring changes in the index\n\nBy how much did human development improve over the long run? Given the way in which the index has been computed, the conventional logarithmic rate of variation (as in the case of GDP per head) can be used.", "producer": "Leandro Prados de la Escosura", "citationFull": "Prados de la Escosura, L. (2021), Augmented Human Development in the Age of Globalisation, Economic History Review.", "urlMain": "https://frdelpino.es/investigacion/en/category/01_social-sciences/02_world-economy/03_human-development-world-economy/", "urlDownload": "https://frdelpino.es/investigacion/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/AHDI_regions_1870-2020_rev.xlsx", "dateAccessed": "2023-09-08", "datePublished": "2021"}]}