{"id": 791801, "name": "Historical numeracy estimates", "unit": "%", "description": "Age heaping is observed in age data collection, where people tend to report their ages in rounded figures, often ending in 0 or 5, rather than their exact age. For example, individiauals might state their age as 30, 35, or 40 and avoid being precise with figures like 31, 36, or 39. This is believed to happen more often in populations that lack basic numeracy skills.\n\nAge heaping can therefore be used to estimate historic data on basic numeracy across different regions and timeframes.\n\nTo estimate age heaping (also known as Whipple index) the authors of this dataset divide the number of people who report their ages to end in 0 or 5 by the expected real age distribution if ages were evenly distributed, meaning ages ending in 0 or 5 would appear about one-fifth of the time. They then perform a simple transformation of the Whipple index that can be interpreted as the share of individuals that correctly report their age.", "createdAt": "2023-08-15T15:19:58.000Z", "updatedAt": "2025-10-23T19:41:43.000Z", "coverage": "", "timespan": "1500-1970", "datasetId": 6185, "shortUnit": "%", "columnOrder": 0, "shortName": "numeracy", "catalogPath": "grapher/education/2023-08-09/clio_infra_education/clio_infra_education#numeracy", "type": "float", "dataChecksum": "10378235941284008332", "metadataChecksum": "5105390165824148610", "datasetName": "Historical numeracy and years of schooling estimates (Clio Infra)", "datasetVersion": "2023-08-09", "nonRedistributable": false, "display": {"unit": "%", "shortUnit": "%", "numDecimalPlaces": 1}, "schemaVersion": 1, "presentation": {}, "source": {"id": 28319, "name": "Clio Infra", "dataPublishedBy": "van Zanden, J., et al. (eds.) (2014), How Was Life?: Global Well-being since 1820, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264214262-en.;\n\nvan Leeuwen, Bas; van Leeuwen-Li, Jieli, 2015, \"Average Years of Education\", https://hdl.handle.net/10622/KCBMKI, IISH Data Collection, V1\n\nCarmichael, Sarah; Dilli, Selin; Rijpma, Auke, 2015, \"Gender Equality Years of Education\", https://hdl.handle.net/10622/OTHFUK, IISH Data Collection, V1\n\nvan Leeuwen, Bas; van Leeuwen-Li, Jieli, 2015, \"Educational Inequality Gini Coefficient\", https://hdl.handle.net/10622/KORKQW, IISH Data Collection, V1", "dataPublisherSource": "", "link": "https://clio-infra.eu/Indicators/NumeracyTotal.html#datasets", "retrievedDate": "2023-08-09", "additionalInfo": "\nThis dataset contains historical estimates of average years of education and numeracy estimates. It also includes historical estimates of Gini coefficient of inequality in educational attainment (years of education) and Gini and gender coefficient of inequality for both educational attainment and numeracy."}, "dimensions": {"years": {"values": [{"id": 1900}, {"id": 1910}, {"id": 1920}, {"id": 1930}, {"id": 1940}, {"id": 1950}, {"id": 1890}, {"id": 1680}, {"id": 1690}, {"id": 1700}, {"id": 1710}, {"id": 1720}, {"id": 1730}, {"id": 1740}, {"id": 1750}, {"id": 1760}, {"id": 1770}, {"id": 1780}, {"id": 1790}, {"id": 1810}, {"id": 1820}, {"id": 1830}, {"id": 1840}, {"id": 1850}, {"id": 1860}, {"id": 1870}, {"id": 1880}, {"id": 1960}, {"id": 1620}, {"id": 1800}, {"id": 1970}, {"id": 1670}, {"id": 1500}, {"id": 1520}, {"id": 1590}, {"id": 1570}, {"id": 1650}]}, "entities": {"values": [{"id": 15, "name": "Afghanistan", "code": "AFG"}, {"id": 17, "name": "Algeria", "code": "DZA"}, {"id": 21, "name": "Argentina", "code": "ARG"}, {"id": 22, "name": "Armenia", "code": "ARM"}, {"id": 23, "name": "Australia", "code": "AUS"}, {"id": 24, "name": "Austria", "code": "AUT"}, {"id": 25, "name": "Azerbaijan", "code": "AZE"}, {"id": 26, "name": "Bahamas", "code": "BHS"}, {"id": 27, "name": "Bahrain", "code": "BHR"}, {"id": 28, "name": "Bangladesh", "code": "BGD"}, {"id": 29, "name": "Barbados", "code": "BRB"}, {"id": 30, "name": "Belarus", "code": "BLR"}, {"id": 4, "name": "Belgium", "code": "BEL"}, {"id": 31, "name": "Belize", "code": "BLZ"}, {"id": 32, "name": "Benin", "code": "BEN"}, {"id": 34, "name": "Bolivia", "code": "BOL"}, {"id": 35, "name": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "code": "BIH"}, {"id": 36, "name": "Botswana", "code": "BWA"}, {"id": 37, "name": "Brazil", "code": "BRA"}, {"id": 38, "name": "Brunei", "code": "BRN"}, {"id": 39, "name": "Bulgaria", "code": "BGR"}, {"id": 40, "name": "Burkina Faso", "code": "BFA"}, {"id": 41, "name": "Burundi", "code": "BDI"}, {"id": 42, "name": "Cambodia", "code": "KHM"}, {"id": 43, "name": "Cameroon", "code": "CMR"}, {"id": 44, "name": "Canada", "code": "CAN"}, {"id": 45, "name": "Cape Verde", "code": "CPV"}, {"id": 174, "name": "Central African Republic", "code": "CAF"}, {"id": 173, "name": "Chad", "code": "TCD"}, {"id": 172, "name": "Chile", "code": "CHL"}, {"id": 171, "name": "China", "code": "CHN"}, {"id": 170, "name": "Colombia", "code": "COL"}, {"id": 167, "name": "Democratic Republic of Congo", "code": "COD"}, {"id": 166, "name": "Costa Rica", "code": "CRI"}, {"id": 143, "name": "Cote d'Ivoire", "code": "CIV"}, {"id": 165, "name": "Croatia", "code": "HRV"}, {"id": 164, "name": "Cuba", "code": "CUB"}, {"id": 162, "name": "Czechia", "code": "CZE"}, {"id": 161, "name": "Denmark", "code": "DNK"}, {"id": 160, "name": "Dominican Republic", "code": "DOM"}, {"id": 201, "name": "Ecuador", "code": "ECU"}, {"id": 65, "name": "Egypt", "code": "EGY"}, {"id": 259, "name": "El Salvador", "code": "SLV"}, {"id": 156, "name": "Estonia", "code": "EST"}, {"id": 158, "name": "Ethiopia", "code": "ETH"}, {"id": 202, "name": "Fiji", "code": "FJI"}, {"id": 155, "name": "Finland", "code": "FIN"}, {"id": 3, "name": "France", "code": "FRA"}, {"id": 153, "name": "Gabon", "code": "GAB"}, {"id": 152, "name": "Georgia", "code": "GEO"}, {"id": 6, "name": "Germany", "code": "DEU"}, {"id": 150, "name": "Ghana", "code": "GHA"}, {"id": 149, "name": "Greece", "code": "GRC"}, {"id": 206, "name": "Grenada", "code": "GRD"}, {"id": 148, "name": "Guatemala", "code": "GTM"}, {"id": 94, "name": "Guinea-Bissau", "code": "GNB"}, {"id": 146, "name": "Guyana", "code": "GUY"}, {"id": 145, "name": "Haiti", "code": "HTI"}, {"id": 139, "name": "Honduras", "code": "HND"}, {"id": 138, "name": "Hungary", "code": "HUN"}, {"id": 207, "name": "Iceland", "code": "ISL"}, {"id": 137, "name": "India", "code": "IND"}, {"id": 136, "name": "Indonesia", "code": "IDN"}, {"id": 135, "name": "Iran", "code": "IRN"}, {"id": 134, "name": "Iraq", "code": "IRQ"}, {"id": 2, "name": "Ireland", "code": "IRL"}, {"id": 133, "name": "Israel", "code": "ISR"}, {"id": 8, "name": "Italy", "code": "ITA"}, {"id": 132, "name": "Jamaica", "code": "JAM"}, {"id": 14, "name": "Japan", "code": "JPN"}, {"id": 131, "name": "Kazakhstan", "code": "KAZ"}, {"id": 129, "name": "Kenya", "code": "KEN"}, {"id": 208, "name": "Kuwait", "code": "KWT"}, {"id": 126, "name": "Kyrgyzstan", "code": "KGZ"}, {"id": 122, "name": "Latvia", "code": "LVA"}, {"id": 121, "name": "Liberia", "code": "LBR"}, {"id": 120, "name": "Libya", "code": "LBY"}, {"id": 119, "name": "Lithuania", "code": "LTU"}, {"id": 210, "name": "Luxembourg", "code": "LUX"}, {"id": 66, "name": "North Macedonia", "code": "MKD"}, {"id": 118, "name": "Madagascar", "code": "MDG"}, {"id": 116, "name": "Malaysia", "code": "MYS"}, {"id": 211, "name": "Maldives", "code": "MDV"}, {"id": 115, "name": "Mali", "code": "MLI"}, {"id": 212, "name": "Malta", "code": "MLT"}, {"id": 223, "name": "Marshall Islands", "code": "MHL"}, {"id": 213, "name": "Mauritius", "code": "MUS"}, {"id": 113, "name": "Mexico", "code": "MEX"}, {"id": 222, "name": "Micronesia (country)", "code": "FSM"}, {"id": 111, "name": "Moldova", "code": "MDA"}, {"id": 112, "name": "Mongolia", "code": "MNG"}, {"id": 110, "name": "Morocco", "code": "MAR"}, {"id": 142, "name": "Myanmar", "code": "MMR"}, {"id": 107, "name": "Nepal", "code": "NPL"}, {"id": 5, "name": "Netherlands", "code": "NLD"}, {"id": 106, "name": "New Zealand", "code": "NZL"}, {"id": 105, "name": "Nicaragua", "code": "NIC"}, {"id": 104, "name": "Niger", "code": "NER"}, {"id": 103, "name": "Nigeria", "code": "NGA"}, {"id": 102, "name": "Norway", "code": "NOR"}, {"id": 101, "name": "Pakistan", "code": "PAK"}, {"id": 100, "name": "Panama", "code": "PAN"}, {"id": 98, "name": "Paraguay", "code": "PRY"}, {"id": 97, "name": "Peru", "code": "PER"}, {"id": 96, "name": "Philippines", "code": "PHL"}, {"id": 11, "name": "Poland", "code": "POL"}, {"id": 95, "name": "Portugal", "code": "PRT"}, {"id": 92, "name": "Romania", "code": "ROU"}, {"id": 12, "name": "Russia", "code": "RUS"}, {"id": 88, "name": "Serbia", "code": "SRB"}, {"id": 86, "name": "Singapore", "code": "SGP"}, {"id": 85, "name": "Slovakia", "code": "SVK"}, {"id": 83, "name": "Slovenia", "code": "SVN"}, {"id": 81, "name": "South Africa", "code": "ZAF"}, {"id": 127, "name": "South Korea", "code": "KOR"}, {"id": 9, "name": "Spain", "code": "ESP"}, {"id": 141, "name": "Sri Lanka", "code": "LKA"}, {"id": 229, "name": "Saint Lucia", "code": "LCA"}, {"id": 234, "name": "Suriname", "code": "SUR"}, {"id": 78, "name": "Eswatini", "code": "SWZ"}, {"id": 10, "name": "Sweden", "code": "SWE"}, {"id": 7, "name": "Switzerland", "code": "CHE"}, {"id": 77, "name": "Syria", "code": "SYR"}, {"id": 76, "name": "Tajikistan", "code": "TJK"}, {"id": 64, "name": "Tanzania", "code": "TZA"}, {"id": 75, "name": "Thailand", "code": "THA"}, {"id": 151, "name": "Gambia", "code": "GMB"}, {"id": 74, "name": "Togo", "code": "TGO"}, {"id": 235, "name": "Tonga", "code": "TON"}, {"id": 73, "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "code": "TTO"}, {"id": 71, "name": "Tunisia", "code": "TUN"}, {"id": 70, "name": "Turkey", "code": "TUR"}, {"id": 69, "name": "Turkmenistan", "code": "TKM"}, {"id": 68, "name": "Uganda", "code": "UGA"}, {"id": 67, "name": "Ukraine", "code": "UKR"}, {"id": 1, "name": "United Kingdom", "code": "GBR"}, {"id": 13, "name": "United States", "code": "USA"}, {"id": 63, "name": "Uruguay", "code": "URY"}, {"id": 62, "name": "Uzbekistan", "code": "UZB"}, {"id": 221, "name": "Vanuatu", "code": "VUT"}, {"id": 84, "name": "Vietnam", "code": "VNM"}, {"id": 61, "name": "Yemen", "code": "YEM"}, {"id": 60, "name": "Zambia", "code": "ZMB"}, {"id": 80, "name": "Zimbabwe", "code": "ZWE"}]}}, "origins": []}