{"id": 145536, "name": "extensive_agriculture", "unit": "", "createdAt": "2020-12-11T06:32:02.000Z", "updatedAt": "2023-06-15T05:05:42.000Z", "coverage": "", "timespan": "", "datasetId": 5231, "columnOrder": 0, "dataPath": "https://api.ourworldindata.org/v1/indicators/145536.data.json", "metadataPath": "https://api.ourworldindata.org/v1/indicators/145536.metadata.json", "datasetName": "Archaeological land use (Stephens et al. 2019)", "type": "string", "nonRedistributable": false, "display": {"name": "Extent of extensive agriculture", "includeInTable": true}, "source": {"id": 17960, "name": "Stephens et al. (2019). Archaeological assessment reveals Earth\u2019s early transformation through land use. Science.", "dataPublishedBy": "Stephens, L., Fuller, D., Boivin, N., Rick, T., Gauthier, N., Kay, A., ... & Denham, T. (2019). Archaeological assessment reveals Earth\u2019s early transformation through land use. Science, 365(6456), 897-902.", "dataPublisherSource": "", "link": "https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6456/897", "retrievedDate": "11th December 2020", "additionalInfo": "The authors present a global assessment of archaeological expert knowledge on land use from 10,000 years before the present (yr B.P.) to 1850 CE. \n\nTo assess and integrate archaeological knowledge toward synthesis at a global scale, the ArchaeoGLOBE Project used a crowdsourcing approach. Archaeologists with land-use expertise were invited to contribute to a detailed questionnaire describing levels of land-use knowledge at 10 time intervals across 146 regional analytical units covering all continents except Antarctica. Contributors selected individual regions where they had expertise; 255 individual archaeologists completed a total of 711 regional questionnaires, resulting in complete, though uneven, global coverage. The result is an expert-based meta-analysis that uses semi-subjective (ranked) survey data to generate regional assessments of land use over time.\n\nThey map the dating and extent of four 'agricultural' regimes across the world:\n1) Foraging: Foraging/hunting/gathering/fishing - subsistence based on hunting wild animals, gathering wild plants, and fishing, without deliberately modifying the reproduction of plants and animals that people exploit.\n2) Pastoralism: the exploitation of pasturelands for animal husbandry - including the breeding, care, and use of domesticated herd animals (e.g., sheep, goats, camels, cattle, horses, llamas, reindeer, and yaks).\n3) Extensive agriculture: swidden/shifting cultivation and other forms of noncontinuous cultivation.\n4) Intensive agriculture: all other forms of continuous cultivation (including irrigated and nonirrigated annual cropping, tropical agroforestry, flooded field farming, and industrial monocrop/plantation agriculture).\n\n"}, "dimensions": {"years": {"values": [{"id": -8000}, {"id": -6000}, {"id": -4000}, {"id": -2000}, {"id": -1000}, {"id": 0}, {"id": 1000}, {"id": 1500}, {"id": 1750}, {"id": 1850}]}, "entities": {"values": [{"id": 1, "name": "United Kingdom", "code": "GBR"}, {"id": 3, "name": "France", "code": "FRA"}, {"id": 4, "name": "Belgium", "code": "BEL"}, {"id": 5, "name": "Netherlands", "code": "NLD"}, {"id": 6, "name": "Germany", "code": "DEU"}, {"id": 7, "name": "Switzerland", "code": "CHE"}, {"id": 9, "name": "Spain", "code": "ESP"}, {"id": 10, "name": "Sweden", "code": "SWE"}, {"id": 11, "name": "Poland", "code": "POL"}, {"id": 12, "name": "Russia", "code": "RUS"}, {"id": 13, "name": "United States", "code": "USA"}, {"id": 14, "name": "Japan", "code": "JPN"}, {"id": 15, "name": "Afghanistan", "code": "AFG"}, {"id": 16, "name": "Albania", "code": "ALB"}, {"id": 17, "name": "Algeria", "code": "DZA"}, {"id": 19, "name": "Angola", "code": "AGO"}, {"id": 20, "name": "Antigua and Barbuda", "code": "ATG"}, {"id": 22, "name": "Armenia", "code": "ARM"}, {"id": 23, "name": "Australia", "code": "AUS"}, {"id": 24, "name": "Austria", "code": "AUT"}, {"id": 25, "name": "Azerbaijan", "code": "AZE"}, {"id": 26, "name": "Bahamas", "code": "BHS"}, {"id": 28, "name": "Bangladesh", "code": "BGD"}, {"id": 29, "name": "Barbados", "code": "BRB"}, {"id": 30, "name": "Belarus", "code": "BLR"}, {"id": 32, "name": "Benin", "code": "BEN"}, {"id": 33, "name": "Bhutan", "code": "BTN"}, {"id": 35, "name": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "code": "BIH"}, {"id": 36, "name": "Botswana", "code": "BWA"}, {"id": 37, "name": "Brazil", "code": "BRA"}, {"id": 39, "name": "Bulgaria", "code": "BGR"}, {"id": 40, "name": "Burkina Faso", "code": "BFA"}, {"id": 41, "name": "Burundi", "code": "BDI"}, {"id": 42, "name": "Cambodia", "code": "KHM"}, {"id": 43, "name": "Cameroon", "code": "CMR"}, {"id": 44, "name": "Canada", "code": "CAN"}, {"id": 60, "name": "Zambia", "code": "ZMB"}, {"id": 61, "name": "Yemen", "code": "YEM"}, {"id": 62, "name": "Uzbekistan", "code": "UZB"}, {"id": 64, "name": "Tanzania", "code": "TZA"}, {"id": 65, "name": "Egypt", "code": "EGY"}, {"id": 66, "name": "North Macedonia", "code": "MKD"}, {"id": 67, "name": "Ukraine", "code": "UKR"}, {"id": 68, "name": "Uganda", "code": "UGA"}, {"id": 69, "name": "Turkmenistan", "code": "TKM"}, {"id": 70, "name": "Turkey", "code": "TUR"}, {"id": 71, "name": "Tunisia", "code": "TUN"}, {"id": 72, "name": "United Arab Emirates", "code": "ARE"}, {"id": 73, "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "code": "TTO"}, {"id": 74, "name": "Togo", "code": "TGO"}, {"id": 75, "name": "Thailand", "code": "THA"}, {"id": 76, "name": "Tajikistan", "code": "TJK"}, {"id": 77, "name": "Syria", "code": "SYR"}, {"id": 79, "name": "Sudan", "code": "SDN"}, {"id": 80, "name": "Zimbabwe", "code": "ZWE"}, {"id": 81, "name": "South Africa", "code": "ZAF"}, {"id": 82, "name": "Somalia", "code": "SOM"}, {"id": 83, "name": "Slovenia", "code": "SVN"}, {"id": 84, "name": "Vietnam", "code": "VNM"}, {"id": 85, "name": "Slovakia", "code": "SVK"}, {"id": 87, "name": "Sierra Leone", "code": "SLE"}, {"id": 88, "name": "Serbia", "code": "SRB"}, {"id": 89, "name": "Senegal", "code": "SEN"}, {"id": 90, "name": "Saudi Arabia", "code": "SAU"}, {"id": 91, "name": "Rwanda", "code": "RWA"}, {"id": 92, "name": "Romania", "code": "ROU"}, {"id": 94, "name": "Guinea-Bissau", "code": "GNB"}, {"id": 95, "name": "Portugal", "code": "PRT"}, {"id": 96, "name": "Philippines", "code": "PHL"}, {"id": 99, "name": "Papua New Guinea", "code": "PNG"}, {"id": 100, "name": "Panama", "code": "PAN"}, {"id": 101, "name": "Pakistan", "code": "PAK"}, {"id": 103, "name": "Nigeria", "code": "NGA"}, {"id": 104, "name": "Niger", "code": "NER"}, {"id": 105, "name": "Nicaragua", "code": "NIC"}, {"id": 106, "name": "New Zealand", "code": "NZL"}, {"id": 107, "name": "Nepal", "code": "NPL"}, {"id": 108, "name": "Namibia", "code": "NAM"}, {"id": 109, "name": "Mozambique", "code": "MOZ"}, {"id": 110, "name": "Morocco", "code": "MAR"}, {"id": 111, "name": "Moldova", "code": "MDA"}, {"id": 112, "name": "Mongolia", "code": "MNG"}, {"id": 113, "name": "Mexico", "code": "MEX"}, {"id": 114, "name": "Mauritania", "code": "MRT"}, {"id": 115, "name": "Mali", "code": "MLI"}, {"id": 116, "name": "Malaysia", "code": "MYS"}, {"id": 117, "name": "Malawi", "code": "MWI"}, {"id": 118, "name": "Madagascar", "code": "MDG"}, {"id": 119, "name": "Lithuania", "code": "LTU"}, {"id": 120, "name": "Libya", "code": "LBY"}, {"id": 121, "name": "Liberia", "code": "LBR"}, {"id": 122, "name": "Latvia", "code": "LVA"}, {"id": 124, "name": "Lebanon", "code": "LBN"}, {"id": 125, "name": "Laos", "code": "LAO"}, {"id": 126, "name": "Kyrgyzstan", "code": "KGZ"}, {"id": 127, "name": "South Korea", "code": "KOR"}, {"id": 128, "name": "North Korea", "code": "PRK"}, {"id": 129, "name": "Kenya", "code": "KEN"}, {"id": 130, "name": "Jordan", "code": "JOR"}, {"id": 131, "name": "Kazakhstan", "code": "KAZ"}, {"id": 132, "name": "Jamaica", "code": "JAM"}, {"id": 133, "name": "Israel", "code": "ISR"}, {"id": 134, "name": "Iraq", "code": "IRQ"}, {"id": 135, "name": "Iran", "code": "IRN"}, {"id": 136, "name": "Indonesia", "code": "IDN"}, {"id": 137, "name": "India", "code": "IND"}, {"id": 138, "name": "Hungary", "code": "HUN"}, {"id": 139, "name": "Honduras", "code": "HND"}, {"id": 140, "name": "Palestine", "code": "PSE"}, {"id": 141, "name": "Sri Lanka", "code": "LKA"}, {"id": 142, "name": "Myanmar", "code": "MMR"}, {"id": 143, "name": "Cote d'Ivoire", "code": "CIV"}, {"id": 145, "name": "Haiti", "code": "HTI"}, {"id": 146, "name": "Guyana", "code": "GUY"}, {"id": 147, "name": "Guinea", "code": "GIN"}, {"id": 149, "name": "Greece", "code": "GRC"}, {"id": 150, "name": "Ghana", "code": "GHA"}, {"id": 151, "name": "Gambia", "code": "GMB"}, {"id": 152, "name": "Georgia", "code": "GEO"}, {"id": 153, "name": "Gabon", "code": "GAB"}, {"id": 154, "name": "Djibouti", "code": "DJI"}, {"id": 155, "name": "Finland", "code": "FIN"}, {"id": 156, "name": "Estonia", "code": "EST"}, {"id": 157, "name": "Eritrea", "code": "ERI"}, {"id": 158, "name": "Ethiopia", "code": "ETH"}, {"id": 159, "name": "Equatorial Guinea", "code": "GNQ"}, {"id": 160, "name": "Dominican Republic", "code": "DOM"}, {"id": 161, "name": "Denmark", "code": "DNK"}, {"id": 162, "name": "Czechia", "code": "CZE"}, {"id": 163, "name": "Cyprus", "code": "CYP"}, {"id": 165, "name": "Croatia", "code": "HRV"}, {"id": 166, "name": "Costa Rica", "code": "CRI"}, {"id": 167, "name": "Democratic Republic of Congo", "code": "COD"}, {"id": 168, "name": "Congo", "code": "COG"}, {"id": 171, "name": "China", "code": "CHN"}, {"id": 173, "name": "Chad", "code": "TCD"}, {"id": 174, "name": "Central African Republic", "code": "CAF"}, {"id": 197, "name": "Cayman Islands", "code": "CYM"}, {"id": 198, "name": "Taiwan", "code": "TWN"}, {"id": 200, "name": "Dominica", "code": "DMA"}, {"id": 205, "name": "Greenland", "code": "GRL"}, {"id": 206, "name": "Grenada", "code": "GRD"}, {"id": 207, "name": "Iceland", "code": "ISL"}, {"id": 209, "name": "Liechtenstein", "code": "LIE"}, {"id": 210, "name": "Luxembourg", "code": "LUX"}, {"id": 215, "name": "Montenegro", "code": "MNE"}, {"id": 217, "name": "Oman", "code": "OMN"}, {"id": 219, "name": "Aruba", "code": "ABW"}, {"id": 227, "name": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "code": "KNA"}, {"id": 229, "name": "Saint Lucia", "code": "LCA"}, {"id": 230, "name": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "code": "VCT"}, {"id": 234, "name": "Suriname", "code": "SUR"}, {"id": 258, "name": "South Sudan", "code": "SSD"}, {"id": 279, "name": "Curacao", "code": "CUW"}, {"id": 379, "name": "Kosovo", "code": "OWID_KOS"}, {"id": 478, "name": "Melanesia", "code": "OWID_MNS"}, {"id": 479, "name": "Polynesia", "code": "OWID_PYA"}, {"id": 35355, "name": "Micronesia", "code": null}]}}}