{"id": 1010332, "name": "Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (ONI) anomaly by month", "unit": "", "createdAt": "2025-02-14T15:45:52.000Z", "updatedAt": "2026-03-09T08:38:36.000Z", "coverage": "", "timespan": "", "datasetId": 6943, "columnOrder": 0, "shortName": "oni_anomaly", "catalogPath": "grapher/climate/2025-02-12/sst_by_month/sst#oni_anomaly", "descriptionShort": "The Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (ONI) anomaly is a measure of the sea surface temperature anomalies in the east-central tropical Pacific Ocean.", "descriptionFromProducer": "- El Ni\u00f1o (La Ni\u00f1a) is a phenomenon in the equatorial Pacific Ocean characterized by a five consecutive 3-month running mean of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Ni\u00f1o 3.4 region that is above (below) the threshold of +0.5\u00b0C (-0.5\u00b0C). This standard of measure is known as the Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (ONI).\n- Historically, scientists have classified the intensity of El Ni\u00f1o based on SST anomalies exceeding a pre-selected threshold in a certain region of the equatorial Pacific. The most commonly used region is the Ni\u00f1o 3.4 region, and the most commonly used threshold is a positive SST departure from normal greater than or equal to +0.5\u00b0C. Since this region encompasses the western half of the equatorial cold tongue region, it provides a good measure of important changes in SST and SST gradients that result in changes in the pattern of deep tropical convection and atmospheric circulation. The criteria, that is often used to classify El Ni\u00f1o episodes, is that five consecutive 3-month running mean SST anomalies exceed the threshold.\n- Studies have shown that a necessary condition for the development and persistence of deep convection (enhanced cloudiness and precipitation) in the Tropics is that the local SST be 28\u00b0C or greater. Once the pattern of deep convection has been altered due to anomalous SSTs, the tropical and subtropical atmospheric circulation adjusts to the new pattern of tropical heating, resulting in anomalous patterns of precipitation and temperature that extend well beyond the region of the equatorial Pacific. An SST anomaly of +0.5\u00b0C in the Ni\u00f1o 3.4 region is sufficient to reach this threshold from late March to mid-June. During the remainder of the year a larger SST anomaly, up to +1.5\u00b0C in November-December-January, is required in order to reach the threshold to support persistent deep convection in that region.\n- SST values in the Ni\u00f1o 3.4 region may not be the best choice for determining La Ni\u00f1a episodes but, for consistency, the index has been defined by negative anomalies in this area. A better choice might be the Ni\u00f1o 4 region, since that region normally has SSTs at or above the threshold for deep convection throughout the year. An SST anomaly of -0.5\u00b0C in that region would be sufficient to bring water temperatures below the 28\u00b0C threshold, which would result in a significant westward shift in the pattern of deep convection in the tropical Pacific.", "type": "float", "dataChecksum": "9046482407697540714", "metadataChecksum": "5592527073140295985", "datasetName": "Equatorial Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) data - El Ni\u00f1o or La Ni\u00f1a by month", "updatePeriodDays": 31, "datasetVersion": "2025-02-12", "nonRedistributable": false, "display": {"zeroDay": "1950-02-15", "yearIsDay": true, "numDecimalPlaces": 2}, "schemaVersion": 2, "processingLevel": "minor", "presentation": {"titlePublic": "Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (ONI) anomaly", "topicTagsLinks": ["Climate Change"]}, "descriptionKey": ["The Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (ONI) is a tool used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to monitor and track the presence and intensity of El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a events.", "These events are part of the broader El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a natural climate pattern that affects global weather patterns, including rainfall, droughts, and hurricane activity.", "The ONI measures deviations in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in a specific area of the Pacific Ocean, known as the Ni\u00f1o 3.4 region. This region spans from 120\u00b0W to 170\u00b0W longitude, along the equator, in the east-central tropical Pacific.", "NOAA calculates the ONI by taking a 3-month running mean of SST anomalies. An anomaly is the difference between observed SSTs and the 30-year climatological average for the same period. NOAA periodically updates the baseline period to ensure consistency with long-term climate trends. For example, the 1991\u20132020 average is often used.", "El Ni\u00f1o (ONI \u2265 +0.5\u00b0C) occurs when sea surface temperatures in the Ni\u00f1o 3.4 region are warmer than usual, often bringing drier conditions to Asia and Australia, wetter weather to the southern United States, and weakened trade winds.", "El Ni\u00f1o can lead to weaker Atlantic hurricane seasons but stronger and more frequent Pacific hurricanes.", "Neutral (\u22120.5\u00b0C < ONI < +0.5\u00b0C) means sea surface temperatures are near average, with no significant ENSO event.", "La Ni\u00f1a (ONI \u2264 \u22120.5\u00b0C) happens when sea surface temperatures are cooler than usual, often causing drier conditions in South America, increased rainfall in Indonesia and northern Australia, and stronger trade winds.", "La Ni\u00f1a tends to cause more hurricanes in the Atlantic and drought conditions in the southern U.S."], "dimensions": {"years": {"values": [{"id": 0}, {"id": 28}, {"id": 59}, {"id": 89}, {"id": 120}, 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El Ni\u00f1o occurs when the anomalies exceed +0.5\u00b0C, while La Ni\u00f1a occurs when they fall below -0.5\u00b0C. This measure is known as the Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (ONI).", "producer": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information", "citationFull": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) - Equatorial Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) data", "urlMain": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/enso/sst", "urlDownload": "https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices/sstoi.indices", "dateAccessed": "2026-03-09", "datePublished": "2025", "license": {"url": "https://gml.noaa.gov/about/disclaimer.html", "name": "CC BY 4.0"}}]}