{"id": 1005195, "name": "Average surface temperature", "unit": "\u00b0C", "createdAt": "2025-01-08T15:07:21.000Z", "updatedAt": "2026-03-09T08:44:45.000Z", "coverage": "", "timespan": "", "datasetId": 6875, "shortUnit": "\u00b0C", "columnOrder": 0, "shortName": "temperature_2m", "catalogPath": "grapher/climate/2025-01-07/surface_temperature/surface_temperature#temperature_2m", "descriptionShort": "The temperature of the air measured 2 meters above the ground, encompassing land, sea, and in-land water surfaces.", "descriptionFromProducer": "Temperature of air at 2m above the surface of land, sea or in-land waters. 2m temperature is calculated by interpolating between the lowest model level and the Earth's surface, taking account of the atmospheric conditions. Temperature measured in kelvin can be converted to degrees Celsius (\u00b0C) by subtracting 273.15.", "descriptionProcessing": "- Temperature measured in kelvin was converted to degrees Celsius (\u00b0C) by subtracting 273.15.\n\n- Initially, the temperature dataset is provided with specific coordinates in terms of longitude and latitude. To tailor this data to each country, we utilize geographical boundaries as defined by the World Bank. The method involves trimming the global temperature dataset to match the exact geographical shape of each country. To correct for potential distortions caused by the Earth's curvature on a flat map, we apply a latitude-based weighting. This step is essential for maintaining accuracy, especially in high-latitude regions where distortion is more pronounced. The result of this process is a latitude-weighted average temperature for each nation.\n\n- It's important to note, however, that due to the resolution constraints of the Copernicus dataset, this methodology might not be as effective for countries with very small landmasses. In these cases, the process may not yield reliable data.\n\n- The derived 2-meter temperature readings for each country are calculated based on administrative borders, encompassing all land surface types within these defined areas. As a result, temperatures over oceans and seas are not included in these averages, focusing the data primarily on terrestrial environments.\n\n- Global temperature averages and anomalies are calculated over all land and ocean surfaces.", "type": "float", "dataChecksum": "3564641292544639709", "metadataChecksum": "-396641280235353065", "datasetName": "Surface temperatures and anomalies by country", "datasetVersion": "2025-01-07", "nonRedistributable": false, "display": {"unit": "\u00b0C", "zeroDay": "1949-01-01", "shortUnit": "\u00b0C", "yearIsDay": true}, "schemaVersion": 2, "processingLevel": "major", "presentation": {"topicTagsLinks": ["Climate Change"]}, "dimensions": {"years": {"values": [{"id": -3274}, {"id": -3243}, {"id": -3214}, {"id": -3183}, {"id": -3153}, {"id": -3122}, {"id": -3092}, {"id": -3061}, {"id": -3030}, {"id": -3000}, {"id": -2969}, {"id": -2939}, {"id": -2908}, {"id": -2877}, {"id": -2849}, {"id": -2818}, {"id": -2788}, {"id": -2757}, {"id": -2727}, {"id": 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"RUS"}, {"id": 162, "name": "Czechia", "code": "CZE"}, {"id": 6, "name": "Germany", "code": "DEU"}, {"id": 156, "name": "Estonia", "code": "EST"}, {"id": 122, "name": "Latvia", "code": "LVA"}, {"id": 102, "name": "Norway", "code": "NOR"}, {"id": 10, "name": "Sweden", "code": "SWE"}, {"id": 155, "name": "Finland", "code": "FIN"}, {"id": 84, "name": "Vietnam", "code": "VNM"}, {"id": 42, "name": "Cambodia", "code": "KHM"}, {"id": 210, "name": "Luxembourg", "code": "LUX"}, {"id": 72, "name": "United Arab Emirates", "code": "ARE"}, {"id": 4, "name": "Belgium", "code": "BEL"}, {"id": 152, "name": "Georgia", "code": "GEO"}, {"id": 66, "name": "North Macedonia", "code": "MKD"}, {"id": 16, "name": "Albania", "code": "ALB"}, {"id": 25, "name": "Azerbaijan", "code": "AZE"}, {"id": 379, "name": "Kosovo", "code": "OWID_KOS"}, {"id": 70, "name": "Turkey", "code": "TUR"}, {"id": 9, "name": "Spain", "code": "ESP"}, {"id": 125, "name": "Laos", "code": "LAO"}, {"id": 126, "name": "Kyrgyzstan", "code": "KGZ"}, {"id": 22, "name": "Armenia", "code": "ARM"}, {"id": 161, "name": "Denmark", "code": "DNK"}, {"id": 120, "name": "Libya", "code": "LBY"}, {"id": 71, "name": "Tunisia", "code": "TUN"}, {"id": 92, "name": "Romania", "code": "ROU"}, {"id": 138, "name": "Hungary", "code": "HUN"}, {"id": 85, "name": "Slovakia", "code": "SVK"}, {"id": 11, "name": "Poland", "code": "POL"}, {"id": 2, "name": "Ireland", "code": "IRL"}, {"id": 1, "name": "United Kingdom", "code": "GBR"}, {"id": 149, "name": "Greece", "code": "GRC"}, {"id": 60, "name": "Zambia", "code": "ZMB"}, {"id": 87, "name": "Sierra Leone", "code": "SLE"}, {"id": 147, "name": "Guinea", "code": "GIN"}, {"id": 121, "name": "Liberia", "code": "LBR"}, {"id": 174, "name": "Central African Republic", "code": "CAF"}, {"id": 79, "name": "Sudan", "code": "SDN"}, {"id": 154, "name": "Djibouti", "code": "DJI"}, {"id": 157, "name": "Eritrea", "code": "ERI"}, {"id": 24, "name": "Austria", "code": "AUT"}, {"id": 134, "name": "Iraq", "code": "IRQ"}, {"id": 8, "name": "Italy", "code": "ITA"}, {"id": 7, "name": "Switzerland", "code": "CHE"}, {"id": 135, "name": "Iran", "code": "IRN"}, {"id": 143, "name": "Cote d'Ivoire", "code": "CIV"}, {"id": 88, "name": "Serbia", "code": "SRB"}, {"id": 115, "name": "Mali", "code": "MLI"}, {"id": 89, "name": "Senegal", "code": "SEN"}, {"id": 103, "name": "Nigeria", "code": "NGA"}, {"id": 32, "name": "Benin", "code": "BEN"}, {"id": 19, "name": "Angola", "code": "AGO"}, {"id": 165, "name": "Croatia", "code": "HRV"}, {"id": 83, "name": "Slovenia", "code": "SVN"}, {"id": 226, "name": "Qatar", "code": "QAT"}, {"id": 90, "name": "Saudi Arabia", "code": "SAU"}, {"id": 36, "name": "Botswana", "code": "BWA"}, {"id": 80, "name": "Zimbabwe", "code": "ZWE"}, {"id": 39, "name": "Bulgaria", "code": "BGR"}, {"id": 75, "name": "Thailand", "code": "THA"}, {"id": 145, "name": "Haiti", "code": "HTI"}, {"id": 160, "name": "Dominican Republic", "code": "DOM"}, {"id": 173, "name": "Chad", "code": "TCD"}, {"id": 208, "name": "Kuwait", "code": "KWT"}, {"id": 259, "name": "El Salvador", "code": "SLV"}, {"id": 148, "name": "Guatemala", "code": "GTM"}, {"id": 225, "name": "East Timor", "code": "TLS"}, {"id": 38, "name": "Brunei", "code": "BRN"}, {"id": 17, "name": "Algeria", "code": "DZA"}, {"id": 109, "name": "Mozambique", "code": "MOZ"}, {"id": 78, "name": "Eswatini", "code": "SWZ"}, {"id": 41, "name": "Burundi", "code": "BDI"}, {"id": 91, "name": "Rwanda", "code": "RWA"}, {"id": 142, "name": "Myanmar", "code": "MMR"}, {"id": 28, "name": "Bangladesh", "code": "BGD"}, {"id": 18, "name": "Andorra", "code": "AND"}, {"id": 15, "name": "Afghanistan", "code": "AFG"}, {"id": 215, "name": "Montenegro", "code": "MNE"}, {"id": 35, "name": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "code": "BIH"}, {"id": 68, "name": "Uganda", "code": "UGA"}, {"id": 164, "name": "Cuba", "code": "CUB"}, {"id": 139, "name": "Honduras", "code": "HND"}, {"id": 201, "name": "Ecuador", "code": "ECU"}, {"id": 170, "name": "Colombia", "code": "COL"}, {"id": 98, "name": "Paraguay", "code": "PRY"}, {"id": 95, "name": "Portugal", "code": "PRT"}, {"id": 111, "name": "Moldova", "code": "MDA"}, {"id": 69, "name": "Turkmenistan", "code": "TKM"}, {"id": 130, "name": "Jordan", "code": "JOR"}, {"id": 107, "name": "Nepal", "code": "NPL"}, {"id": 123, "name": "Lesotho", "code": "LSO"}, {"id": 43, "name": "Cameroon", "code": "CMR"}, {"id": 153, "name": "Gabon", "code": "GAB"}, {"id": 104, "name": "Niger", "code": "NER"}, {"id": 40, "name": "Burkina Faso", "code": "BFA"}, {"id": 74, "name": "Togo", "code": "TGO"}, {"id": 150, "name": "Ghana", "code": "GHA"}, {"id": 94, "name": "Guinea-Bissau", "code": "GNB"}, {"id": 13, "name": "United States", "code": "USA"}, {"id": 44, "name": "Canada", "code": "CAN"}, {"id": 113, "name": "Mexico", "code": "MEX"}, {"id": 31, "name": "Belize", "code": "BLZ"}, {"id": 100, "name": "Panama", "code": "PAN"}, {"id": 238, "name": "Venezuela", "code": "VEN"}, {"id": 99, "name": "Papua New Guinea", "code": "PNG"}, {"id": 65, "name": "Egypt", "code": "EGY"}, {"id": 61, "name": "Yemen", "code": "YEM"}, {"id": 114, "name": "Mauritania", "code": "MRT"}, {"id": 159, "name": "Equatorial Guinea", "code": "GNQ"}, {"id": 151, "name": "Gambia", "code": "GMB"}, {"id": 144, "name": "Hong Kong", "code": "HKG"}, {"id": 23, "name": "Australia", "code": "AUS"}, {"id": 205, "name": "Greenland", "code": "GRL"}, {"id": 202, "name": "Fiji", "code": "FJI"}, {"id": 220, "name": "New Caledonia", "code": "NCL"}, {"id": 118, "name": "Madagascar", "code": "MDG"}, {"id": 96, "name": "Philippines", "code": "PHL"}, {"id": 141, "name": "Sri Lanka", "code": "LKA"}, {"id": 26, "name": "Bahamas", "code": "BHS"}, {"id": 14, "name": "Japan", "code": "JPN"}, {"id": 207, "name": "Iceland", "code": "ISL"}, {"id": 203, "name": "French Polynesia", "code": "PYF"}, {"id": 233, "name": "Seychelles", "code": "SYC"}, {"id": 204, "name": "Kiribati", "code": "KIR"}, {"id": 73, "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "code": "TTO"}, {"id": 230, "name": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "code": "VCT"}, {"id": 20, "name": "Antigua and Barbuda", "code": "ATG"}, {"id": 256, "name": "United States Virgin Islands", "code": "VIR"}, {"id": 93, "name": "Puerto Rico", "code": "PRI"}, {"id": 228, "name": "Anguilla", "code": "AIA"}, {"id": 132, "name": "Jamaica", "code": "JAM"}, {"id": 197, "name": "Cayman Islands", "code": "CYM"}, {"id": 350, "name": "Heard Island and McDonald Islands", "code": "HMD"}, {"id": 260, "name": "Saint Helena", "code": "SHN"}, {"id": 213, "name": "Mauritius", "code": "MUS"}, {"id": 169, "name": "Comoros", "code": "COM"}, {"id": 232, "name": "Sao Tome and Principe", "code": "STP"}, {"id": 45, "name": "Cape Verde", "code": "CPV"}, {"id": 265, "name": "Isle of Man", "code": "IMN"}, {"id": 250, "name": "Faroe Islands", "code": "FRO"}, {"id": 199, "name": "Cook Islands", "code": "COK"}, {"id": 239, "name": "Samoa", "code": "WSM"}, {"id": 195, "name": "Solomon Islands", "code": "SLB"}, {"id": 352, "name": "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands", "code": "SGS"}, {"id": 249, "name": "Falkland Islands", "code": "FLK"}, {"id": 221, "name": "Vanuatu", "code": "VUT"}, {"id": 246, "name": "American Samoa", "code": "ASM"}, {"id": 27, "name": "Bahrain", "code": "BHR"}, {"id": 5, "name": "Netherlands", "code": "NLD"}, {"id": 106, "name": "New Zealand", "code": "NZL"}, {"id": 371440, "name": "Antarctica (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371451, "name": "Arctic Ocean (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371444, "name": "Asia (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371443, "name": "Australia (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371433, "name": "Baltic Sea (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371452, "name": "Europe (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371439, "name": "Indian Ocean (NIAID", "code": null}, {"id": 371449, "name": "Mediterranean Region (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371441, "name": "Africa (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371453, "name": "North America (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371445, "name": "North Atlantic Ocean (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371446, "name": "North Pacific Ocean (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371442, "name": "Oceania (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371435, "name": "South America (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371438, "name": "South Atlantic Ocean (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371450, "name": "South China and Easter Archipelagic Seas (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371447, "name": "South Pacific Ocean (NIAID)", "code": null}, {"id": 371448, "name": "Southern Ocean (NIAID)", "code": null}]}}, "origins": [{"id": 14149, "titleSnapshot": "ERA5 Monthly Averaged Data on Single Levels from 1940 to Present - Monthly Averages of 2m Surface Temperature", "title": "ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present", "description": "ERA5 is the latest climate reanalysis produced by ECMWF, providing hourly data on many atmospheric, land-surface and sea-state parameters together with estimates of uncertainty.\n\nERA5 data are available in the Climate Data Store on regular latitude-longitude grids at 0.25\u00b0 x 0.25\u00b0 resolution, with atmospheric parameters on 37 pressure levels.\n\nERA5 is available from 1940 and continues to be extended forward in time, with daily updates being made available 5 days behind real time\n\nInitial release data, i.e., data no more than three months behind real time, are called ERA5T.", "producer": "Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information", "citationFull": "Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Hor\u00e1nyi, A., Mu\u00f1oz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Th\u00e9paut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 07-April-2025)", "versionProducer": "2", "urlMain": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-single-levels-monthly-means?tab=overview", "dateAccessed": "2026-03-09", "datePublished": "2025-04-07", "license": {"url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-single-levels-monthly-means?tab=overview", "name": "Copernicus License"}}]}