{"id": 1056662, "name": "Prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age (aged 15-49) (%) - Sex: female - Pregnancy status: Women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years)", "unit": "%", "createdAt": "2025-06-05T10:54:28.000Z", "updatedAt": "2025-08-25T22:08:11.000Z", "coverage": "", "timespan": "2000-2023", "datasetId": 7113, "columnOrder": 0, "shortName": "prevalence_of_anaemia_in_women_of_reproductive_age__aged_15_49__pct__sex_female__pregnancy_status_women_of_reproductive_age__aged_15_49_years", "catalogPath": "grapher/who/2025-05-19/gho/prevalence_of_anaemia_in_women_of_reproductive_age__aged_15_49__pct#prevalence_of_anaemia_in_women_of_reproductive_age__aged_15_49__pct__sex_female__pregnancy_status_women_of_reproductive_age__aged_15_49_years", "dimensions": {"years": {"values": [{"id": 2000}, {"id": 2001}, {"id": 2002}, {"id": 2003}, {"id": 2004}, {"id": 2005}, {"id": 2006}, {"id": 2007}, {"id": 2008}, {"id": 2009}, {"id": 2010}, {"id": 2011}, {"id": 2012}, {"id": 2013}, {"id": 2014}, {"id": 2015}, {"id": 2016}, {"id": 2017}, {"id": 2018}, {"id": 2019}, {"id": 2020}, {"id": 2021}, {"id": 2022}, {"id": 2023}]}, "entities": {"values": [{"id": 15, "name": "Afghanistan", "code": "AFG"}, {"id": 369115, "name": "Africa (WHO)", "code": null}, {"id": 16, "name": "Albania", "code": "ALB"}, {"id": 17, "name": "Algeria", "code": "DZA"}, {"id": 369116, "name": "Americas (WHO)", "code": null}, {"id": 18, "name": "Andorra", "code": "AND"}, {"id": 19, "name": "Angola", "code": "AGO"}, {"id": 20, "name": "Antigua and Barbuda", "code": "ATG"}, {"id": 21, "name": "Argentina", "code": "ARG"}, {"id": 22, "name": "Armenia", "code": "ARM"}, {"id": 23, "name": "Australia", "code": "AUS"}, {"id": 369207, "name": "Australia and New Zealand (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 24, "name": "Austria", "code": "AUT"}, {"id": 25, "name": "Azerbaijan", "code": "AZE"}, {"id": 26, "name": "Bahamas", "code": "BHS"}, {"id": 27, "name": "Bahrain", "code": "BHR"}, {"id": 28, "name": "Bangladesh", "code": "BGD"}, {"id": 29, "name": "Barbados", "code": "BRB"}, {"id": 30, "name": "Belarus", "code": "BLR"}, {"id": 4, "name": "Belgium", "code": "BEL"}, {"id": 31, "name": "Belize", "code": "BLZ"}, {"id": 32, "name": "Benin", "code": "BEN"}, {"id": 33, "name": "Bhutan", "code": "BTN"}, {"id": 34, "name": "Bolivia", "code": "BOL"}, {"id": 35, "name": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "code": "BIH"}, {"id": 36, "name": "Botswana", "code": "BWA"}, {"id": 37, "name": "Brazil", "code": "BRA"}, {"id": 38, "name": "Brunei", "code": "BRN"}, {"id": 39, "name": "Bulgaria", "code": "BGR"}, {"id": 40, "name": "Burkina Faso", "code": "BFA"}, {"id": 41, "name": "Burundi", "code": "BDI"}, {"id": 42, "name": "Cambodia", "code": "KHM"}, {"id": 43, "name": "Cameroon", "code": "CMR"}, {"id": 44, "name": "Canada", "code": "CAN"}, {"id": 45, "name": "Cape Verde", "code": "CPV"}, {"id": 368777, "name": "Caribbean (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 174, "name": "Central African Republic", "code": "CAF"}, {"id": 368796, "name": "Central America (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 368810, "name": "Central Asia (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 321927, "name": "Central and Southern Asia (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 173, "name": "Chad", "code": "TCD"}, {"id": 172, "name": "Chile", "code": "CHL"}, {"id": 171, "name": "China", "code": "CHN"}, {"id": 170, "name": "Colombia", "code": "COL"}, {"id": 169, "name": "Comoros", "code": "COM"}, {"id": 168, "name": "Congo", "code": "COG"}, {"id": 199, "name": "Cook Islands", "code": "COK"}, {"id": 166, "name": "Costa Rica", "code": "CRI"}, {"id": 143, "name": "Cote d'Ivoire", "code": "CIV"}, {"id": 165, "name": "Croatia", "code": "HRV"}, {"id": 164, "name": "Cuba", "code": "CUB"}, {"id": 163, "name": "Cyprus", "code": "CYP"}, {"id": 162, "name": "Czechia", "code": "CZE"}, {"id": 167, "name": "Democratic Republic of Congo", "code": "COD"}, {"id": 161, "name": "Denmark", "code": "DNK"}, {"id": 154, "name": "Djibouti", "code": "DJI"}, {"id": 200, "name": "Dominica", "code": "DMA"}, {"id": 160, "name": "Dominican Republic", "code": "DOM"}, {"id": 225, "name": "East Timor", "code": "TLS"}, {"id": 368767, "name": "Eastern Africa (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 368771, "name": "Eastern Asia (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 371960, "name": "Eastern Asia and South-Eastern Asia (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 368808, "name": "Eastern Europe (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 369119, "name": "Eastern Mediterranean (WHO)", "code": null}, {"id": 201, "name": "Ecuador", "code": "ECU"}, {"id": 65, "name": "Egypt", "code": "EGY"}, {"id": 259, "name": "El Salvador", "code": "SLV"}, {"id": 159, "name": "Equatorial Guinea", "code": "GNQ"}, {"id": 157, "name": "Eritrea", "code": "ERI"}, {"id": 156, "name": "Estonia", "code": "EST"}, {"id": 78, "name": "Eswatini", "code": "SWZ"}, {"id": 158, "name": "Ethiopia", "code": "ETH"}, {"id": 367066, "name": "Europe (WHO)", "code": null}, {"id": 202, "name": "Fiji", "code": "FJI"}, {"id": 155, "name": "Finland", "code": "FIN"}, {"id": 3, "name": "France", "code": "FRA"}, {"id": 153, "name": "Gabon", "code": "GAB"}, {"id": 151, "name": "Gambia", "code": "GMB"}, {"id": 152, "name": "Georgia", "code": "GEO"}, {"id": 6, "name": "Germany", "code": "DEU"}, {"id": 150, "name": "Ghana", "code": "GHA"}, {"id": 149, "name": "Greece", "code": "GRC"}, {"id": 206, "name": "Grenada", "code": "GRD"}, {"id": 148, "name": "Guatemala", "code": "GTM"}, {"id": 147, "name": "Guinea", "code": "GIN"}, {"id": 94, "name": "Guinea-Bissau", "code": "GNB"}, {"id": 146, "name": "Guyana", "code": "GUY"}, {"id": 145, "name": "Haiti", "code": "HTI"}, {"id": 139, "name": "Honduras", "code": "HND"}, {"id": 138, "name": "Hungary", "code": "HUN"}, {"id": 207, "name": "Iceland", "code": "ISL"}, {"id": 137, "name": "India", "code": "IND"}, {"id": 136, "name": "Indonesia", "code": "IDN"}, {"id": 135, "name": "Iran", "code": "IRN"}, {"id": 134, "name": "Iraq", "code": "IRQ"}, {"id": 2, "name": "Ireland", "code": "IRL"}, {"id": 133, "name": "Israel", "code": "ISR"}, {"id": 8, "name": "Italy", "code": "ITA"}, {"id": 132, "name": "Jamaica", "code": "JAM"}, {"id": 14, "name": "Japan", "code": "JPN"}, {"id": 130, "name": "Jordan", "code": "JOR"}, {"id": 131, "name": "Kazakhstan", "code": "KAZ"}, {"id": 129, "name": "Kenya", "code": "KEN"}, {"id": 204, "name": "Kiribati", "code": "KIR"}, {"id": 208, "name": "Kuwait", "code": "KWT"}, {"id": 126, "name": "Kyrgyzstan", "code": "KGZ"}, {"id": 125, "name": "Laos", "code": "LAO"}, {"id": 321932, "name": "Latin America and the Caribbean (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 122, "name": "Latvia", "code": "LVA"}, {"id": 124, "name": "Lebanon", "code": "LBN"}, {"id": 123, "name": "Lesotho", "code": "LSO"}, {"id": 121, "name": "Liberia", "code": "LBR"}, {"id": 120, "name": "Libya", "code": "LBY"}, {"id": 119, "name": "Lithuania", "code": "LTU"}, {"id": 210, "name": "Luxembourg", "code": "LUX"}, {"id": 118, "name": "Madagascar", "code": "MDG"}, {"id": 117, "name": "Malawi", "code": "MWI"}, {"id": 116, "name": "Malaysia", "code": "MYS"}, {"id": 211, "name": "Maldives", "code": "MDV"}, {"id": 115, "name": "Mali", "code": "MLI"}, {"id": 212, "name": "Malta", "code": "MLT"}, {"id": 223, "name": "Marshall Islands", "code": "MHL"}, {"id": 114, "name": "Mauritania", "code": "MRT"}, {"id": 213, "name": "Mauritius", "code": "MUS"}, {"id": 367005, "name": "Melanesia (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 113, "name": "Mexico", "code": "MEX"}, {"id": 367006, "name": "Micronesia (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 222, "name": "Micronesia (country)", "code": "FSM"}, {"id": 368792, "name": "Middle Africa (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 111, "name": "Moldova", "code": "MDA"}, {"id": 214, "name": "Monaco", "code": "MCO"}, {"id": 112, "name": "Mongolia", "code": "MNG"}, {"id": 215, "name": "Montenegro", "code": "MNE"}, {"id": 110, "name": "Morocco", "code": "MAR"}, {"id": 109, "name": "Mozambique", "code": "MOZ"}, {"id": 142, "name": "Myanmar", "code": "MMR"}, {"id": 108, "name": "Namibia", "code": "NAM"}, {"id": 218, "name": "Nauru", "code": "NRU"}, {"id": 107, "name": "Nepal", "code": "NPL"}, {"id": 5, "name": "Netherlands", "code": "NLD"}, {"id": 106, "name": "New Zealand", "code": "NZL"}, {"id": 104, "name": "Niger", "code": "NER"}, {"id": 103, "name": "Nigeria", "code": "NGA"}, {"id": 261, "name": "Niue", "code": "NIU"}, {"id": 128, "name": "North Korea", "code": "PRK"}, {"id": 66, "name": "North Macedonia", "code": "MKD"}, {"id": 321928, "name": "Northern Africa (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 369214, "name": "Northern Africa and Western Asia (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 369219, "name": "Northern America and Europe (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 368784, "name": "Northern Europe (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 102, "name": "Norway", "code": "NOR"}, {"id": 369211, "name": "Oceania (exc. Australia and New Zealand) (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 217, "name": "Oman", "code": "OMN"}, {"id": 101, "name": "Pakistan", "code": "PAK"}, {"id": 224, "name": "Palau", "code": "PLW"}, {"id": 140, "name": "Palestine", "code": "PSE"}, {"id": 100, "name": "Panama", "code": "PAN"}, {"id": 99, "name": "Papua New Guinea", "code": "PNG"}, {"id": 98, "name": "Paraguay", "code": "PRY"}, {"id": 97, "name": "Peru", "code": "PER"}, {"id": 96, "name": "Philippines", "code": "PHL"}, {"id": 11, "name": "Poland", "code": "POL"}, {"id": 367007, "name": "Polynesia (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 95, "name": "Portugal", "code": "PRT"}, {"id": 226, "name": "Qatar", "code": "QAT"}, {"id": 92, "name": "Romania", "code": "ROU"}, {"id": 12, "name": "Russia", "code": "RUS"}, {"id": 91, "name": "Rwanda", "code": "RWA"}, {"id": 227, "name": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "code": "KNA"}, {"id": 229, "name": "Saint Lucia", "code": "LCA"}, {"id": 230, "name": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "code": "VCT"}, {"id": 239, "name": "Samoa", "code": "WSM"}, {"id": 231, "name": "San Marino", "code": "SMR"}, {"id": 232, "name": "Sao Tome and Principe", "code": "STP"}, {"id": 90, "name": "Saudi Arabia", "code": "SAU"}, {"id": 89, "name": "Senegal", "code": "SEN"}, {"id": 88, "name": "Serbia", "code": "SRB"}, {"id": 233, "name": "Seychelles", "code": "SYC"}, {"id": 87, "name": "Sierra Leone", "code": "SLE"}, {"id": 86, "name": "Singapore", "code": "SGP"}, {"id": 85, "name": "Slovakia", "code": "SVK"}, {"id": 83, "name": "Slovenia", "code": "SVN"}, {"id": 195, "name": "Solomon Islands", "code": "SLB"}, {"id": 82, "name": "Somalia", "code": "SOM"}, {"id": 81, "name": "South Africa", "code": "ZAF"}, {"id": 369122, "name": "South America (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 127, "name": "South Korea", "code": "KOR"}, {"id": 258, "name": "South Sudan", "code": "SSD"}, {"id": 369217, "name": "South-East Asia (WHO)", "code": null}, {"id": 368800, "name": "South-Eastern Asia (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 368781, "name": "Southern Africa (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 368816, "name": "Southern Asia (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 368804, "name": "Southern Europe (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 9, "name": "Spain", "code": "ESP"}, {"id": 141, "name": "Sri Lanka", "code": "LKA"}, {"id": 321930, "name": "Sub-Saharan Africa (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 79, "name": "Sudan", "code": "SDN"}, {"id": 234, "name": "Suriname", "code": "SUR"}, {"id": 10, "name": "Sweden", "code": "SWE"}, {"id": 7, "name": "Switzerland", "code": "CHE"}, {"id": 77, "name": "Syria", "code": "SYR"}, {"id": 76, "name": "Tajikistan", "code": "TJK"}, {"id": 64, "name": "Tanzania", "code": "TZA"}, {"id": 75, "name": "Thailand", "code": "THA"}, {"id": 74, "name": "Togo", "code": "TGO"}, {"id": 235, "name": "Tonga", "code": "TON"}, {"id": 73, "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "code": "TTO"}, {"id": 71, "name": "Tunisia", "code": "TUN"}, {"id": 70, "name": "Turkey", "code": "TUR"}, {"id": 69, "name": "Turkmenistan", "code": "TKM"}, {"id": 237, "name": "Tuvalu", "code": "TUV"}, {"id": 68, "name": "Uganda", "code": "UGA"}, {"id": 67, "name": "Ukraine", "code": "UKR"}, {"id": 72, "name": "United Arab Emirates", "code": "ARE"}, {"id": 1, "name": "United Kingdom", "code": "GBR"}, {"id": 13, "name": "United States", "code": "USA"}, {"id": 63, "name": "Uruguay", "code": "URY"}, {"id": 62, "name": "Uzbekistan", "code": "UZB"}, {"id": 221, "name": "Vanuatu", "code": "VUT"}, {"id": 238, "name": "Venezuela", "code": "VEN"}, {"id": 84, "name": "Vietnam", "code": "VNM"}, {"id": 368790, "name": "Western Africa (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 368794, "name": "Western Asia (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 369220, "name": "Western Europe (UN)", "code": null}, {"id": 369114, "name": "Western Pacific (WHO)", "code": null}, {"id": 355, "name": "World", "code": "OWID_WRL"}, {"id": 61, "name": "Yemen", "code": "YEM"}, {"id": 60, "name": "Zambia", "code": "ZMB"}, {"id": 80, "name": "Zimbabwe", "code": "ZWE"}]}}, "descriptionShort": "Percentage of women aged 15\u221249 years with a haemoglobin concentration less than 120 g/L for non-pregnant women and lactating women, and less than 110 g/L for pregnant women, adjusted for altitude and smoking.", "descriptionFromProducer": "#### Rationale\nAnaemia is highly prevalent globally, disproportionately affecting children and women of reproductive age. Anaemia is associated with poor cognitive and motor development, and work capacity. Among pregnant women, iron deficiency anaemia is also associated with adverse reproductive outcomes such as preterm delivery, low-birth-weight infants, and decreased iron stores for the baby, which may lead to impaired development. Iron deficiency is considered the most common cause of anaemia but there are other nutritional and non-nutritional causes. Blood haemoglobin concentration is used to diagnose anaemia and it is affected by many factors, including altitude (metres above sea level), smoking, trimester of pregnancy, age and sex. When blood haemoglobin concentrations are used in combination with other indicators of iron status, they provide information about the severity of iron deficiency. The prevalence of anaemia in a population can be used to classify the public health significance of the problem.\n\n#### Definition\nPercentage of women aged 15\u221249 years with a haemoglobin concentration less than 120 g/L for non-pregnant women and lactating women, and less than 110 g/L for pregnant women, adjusted for altitude and smoking.\n\n#### Method of measurement\nThe anaemia status of women is assessed using blood haemoglobin concentrations. Blood haemoglobin concentrations are typically measured in surveys using the direct cyanmethemoglobin method in a laboratory or with a portable, battery-operated, haemoglobin photometer (using the azide-methaemoglobin method) in the field.\n\n#### Method of estimation\nPrevalence of anaemia and/or mean haemoglobin in women of reproductive age were obtained from 412 population-representative data sources from 122 countries worldwide. Data collected from the years 1995 to 2023 were used. Adjustment of data on blood haemoglobin concentrations for altitude and smoking was carried out whenever possible. Biologically implausible haemoglobin values (<25 g/L or >200 g/L) were excluded. A Bayesian hierarchical mixture model was used to estimate haemoglobin distributions and systematically addressed missing data, non-linear time trends, and representativeness of data sources. Based on the latest evidence, the use of venous blood was recommended as the gold standard for measuring haemoglobin concentrations due to its high accuracy. However, thus far, national survey data based on venous blood are limited compared to capillary blood. For the current exercise, we accounted for possible higher error in haemoglobin measurements using capillary blood by taking only the mean haemoglobin concentrations because means are not affected by higher measurement errors. We used all available summary statistics or individual-level data if assessment was done using venous blood. We also allowed for suspected biased measurements by measurement method when using HemoCue\u00ae 301. These enhancements were applied considering the emerging evidence on measurement errors in haemoglobin that can influence the accuracy and precision of estimates.\n\nFull details on statistical methods may be found here: National, regional, and global estimates of anaemia by severity in women and children for 2000\u201319: a pooled analysis of population-representative data (Stevens et al, 2022). https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(22)00084-5/fulltext", "type": "float", "dataChecksum": "12923874906271448371", "metadataChecksum": "3408457079059736404", "datasetName": "Global Health Observatory - World Health Organization", "updatePeriodDays": 365, "datasetVersion": "2025-05-19", "nonRedistributable": false, "display": {"unit": "%"}, "schemaVersion": 2, "presentation": {}, "origins": [{"id": 3654, "title": "Global Health Observatory", "description": "The GHO data repository is WHO's gateway to health-related statistics for its 194 Member States. It provides access to over 1000 indicators on priority health topics including mortality and burden of diseases, the Millennium Development Goals (child nutrition, child health, maternal and reproductive health, immunization, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected diseases, water and sanitation), non communicable diseases and risk factors, epidemic-prone diseases, health systems, environmental health, violence and injuries, equity among others.", "producer": "World Health Organization", "citationFull": "World Health Organization. 2025. Global Health Observatory data repository. http://www.who.int/gho/en/.", "attribution": "World Health Organization - Global Health Observatory (2025)", "attributionShort": "WHO", "urlMain": "https://www.who.int/data/gho", "dateAccessed": "2025-05-19", "datePublished": "2025-05-19", "license": {"url": "https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/copyright", "name": "CC BY-NC-SA 4.0"}}]}