{"id": 1077529, "name": "Coal production (TWh)", "unit": "terawatt-hours", "createdAt": "2025-07-17T11:28:33.000Z", "updatedAt": "2026-07-02T15:45:42.000Z", "coverage": "", "timespan": "1700-2024", "datasetId": 7154, "shortUnit": "TWh", "columnOrder": 0, "shortName": "coal_production__twh", "catalogPath": "grapher/energy/2025-06-27/fossil_fuel_production/fossil_fuel_production#coal_production__twh", "descriptionShort": "Measured in [terawatt-hours](#dod:watt-hours).", "descriptionProcessing": "- The data is generated by combining the latest data from [the Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy](https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review) and [The Shift Dataportal](https://www.theshiftdataportal.org/energy). The Energy Institute provides fossil fuel production data from 1965 onwards (and crude prices from 1861 onwards). The Shift Dataportal provides long-term data from 1900, but only extends to 2016. To maintain consistency with other energy data, we prioritize the Energy Institute data - meaning if they provide data for the given country and year, this data is used. Where data is not available from the Energy Institute for a given country, or pre-1965 we rely on data from The Shift Dataportal.\n- To extend coal production before 1900, we additionally use two historical sources, each of which only fills years where neither the Energy Institute nor The Shift Dataportal report data. For the World, we use estimates from Vaclav Smil (2017), which cover coal from 1800. For the United Kingdom, we use the National Infrastructure Commission's historical energy dataset (compiled by Roger Fouquet), which covers coal production from 1700; we convert it from tonnes to terawatt-hours using the coal energy content given in the source's own units (about 6.84 megawatt-hours per tonne).\n- We have converted primary production in exajoules to terawatt-hours using the conversion factor: 1,000,000 / 3,600 ~ 278.", "type": "float", "dataChecksum": "16499719742019604108", "metadataChecksum": "7919769998565342055", "datasetName": "Fossil fuel production", "updatePeriodDays": 365, "datasetVersion": "2025-06-27", "nonRedistributable": false, "display": {"name": "Coal", "unit": "terawatt-hours", "shortUnit": "TWh", "numDecimalPlaces": 0}, "schemaVersion": 2, "processingLevel": "major", "presentation": {"titlePublic": "Coal production", "topicTagsLinks": ["Energy"]}, "descriptionKey": ["Includes commercial solid fuels only, i.e. bituminous coal and anthracite (hard coal), and lignite and brown (sub-bituminous) coal, and other commercial solid fuels. Includes coal produced for Coal-to-Liquids and Coal-to-Gas transformations.", "The source states that, in places, gaps in the series were filled by linear interpolation between known values. In the coal series the earliest decades increase by a constant amount each year, which reflects such interpolation, so year-to-year variation in the early period should not be over-interpreted.", "According to the source, the statistics relate to Great Britain until 1882, the United Kingdom including all of Ireland from 1883 to 1920, and the present-day United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) afterwards."], "dimensions": {"years": {"values": [{"id": 1900}, {"id": 1901}, {"id": 1902}, {"id": 1903}, {"id": 1904}, {"id": 1905}, {"id": 1906}, {"id": 1907}, {"id": 1908}, {"id": 1909}, {"id": 1910}, {"id": 1911}, {"id": 1912}, {"id": 1913}, {"id": 1914}, {"id": 1915}, {"id": 1916}, {"id": 1917}, {"id": 1918}, {"id": 1919}, {"id": 1920}, {"id": 1921}, {"id": 1922}, {"id": 1923}, {"id": 1924}, {"id": 1925}, {"id": 1926}, {"id": 1927}, {"id": 1928}, {"id": 1929}, {"id": 1930}, {"id": 1931}, {"id": 1932}, {"id": 1933}, {"id": 1934}, {"id": 1935}, {"id": 1936}, {"id": 1937}, {"id": 1938}, {"id": 1939}, {"id": 1940}, {"id": 1941}, {"id": 1942}, {"id": 1943}, {"id": 1944}, {"id": 1945}, {"id": 1946}, {"id": 1947}, {"id": 1948}, {"id": 1949}, {"id": 1950}, {"id": 1951}, {"id": 1952}, {"id": 1953}, {"id": 1954}, {"id": 1955}, {"id": 1956}, {"id": 1957}, {"id": 1958}, {"id": 1959}, {"id": 1960}, {"id": 1961}, {"id": 1962}, {"id": 1963}, {"id": 1964}, {"id": 1965}, {"id": 1966}, {"id": 1967}, {"id": 1968}, {"id": 1969}, {"id": 1970}, {"id": 1971}, {"id": 1972}, {"id": 1973}, {"id": 1974}, {"id": 1975}, {"id": 1976}, {"id": 1977}, {"id": 1978}, {"id": 1979}, {"id": 1980}, {"id": 1981}, {"id": 1982}, {"id": 1983}, {"id": 1984}, {"id": 1985}, {"id": 1986}, {"id": 1987}, {"id": 1988}, {"id": 1989}, {"id": 1990}, {"id": 1991}, {"id": 1992}, {"id": 1993}, {"id": 1994}, {"id": 1995}, {"id": 1996}, {"id": 1997}, {"id": 1998}, {"id": 1999}, {"id": 2000}, {"id": 2001}, {"id": 2002}, {"id": 2003}, {"id": 2004}, {"id": 2005}, {"id": 2006}, {"id": 2007}, {"id": 2008}, {"id": 2009}, {"id": 2010}, {"id": 2011}, {"id": 2012}, {"id": 2013}, {"id": 2014}, {"id": 2015}, {"id": 2016}, {"id": 2017}, {"id": 2018}, {"id": 2019}, {"id": 2020}, {"id": 2021}, {"id": 2022}, {"id": 2023}, {"id": 2024}, {"id": 1700}, {"id": 1701}, {"id": 1702}, {"id": 1703}, {"id": 1704}, {"id": 1705}, {"id": 1706}, {"id": 1707}, {"id": 1708}, {"id": 1709}, {"id": 1710}, {"id": 1711}, {"id": 1712}, {"id": 1713}, {"id": 1714}, {"id": 1715}, {"id": 1716}, {"id": 1717}, {"id": 1718}, {"id": 1719}, {"id": 1720}, {"id": 1721}, {"id": 1722}, {"id": 1723}, {"id": 1724}, {"id": 1725}, {"id": 1726}, {"id": 1727}, {"id": 1728}, {"id": 1729}, {"id": 1730}, {"id": 1731}, {"id": 1732}, {"id": 1733}, {"id": 1734}, {"id": 1735}, {"id": 1736}, {"id": 1737}, {"id": 1738}, {"id": 1739}, {"id": 1740}, {"id": 1741}, {"id": 1742}, {"id": 1743}, {"id": 1744}, {"id": 1745}, {"id": 1746}, {"id": 1747}, {"id": 1748}, {"id": 1749}, {"id": 1750}, {"id": 1751}, {"id": 1752}, {"id": 1753}, {"id": 1754}, {"id": 1755}, {"id": 1756}, {"id": 1757}, {"id": 1758}, {"id": 1759}, {"id": 1760}, {"id": 1761}, {"id": 1762}, {"id": 1763}, {"id": 1764}, {"id": 1765}, {"id": 1766}, {"id": 1767}, {"id": 1768}, {"id": 1769}, {"id": 1770}, {"id": 1771}, {"id": 1772}, {"id": 1773}, {"id": 1774}, {"id": 1775}, {"id": 1776}, {"id": 1777}, {"id": 1778}, {"id": 1779}, {"id": 1780}, {"id": 1781}, {"id": 1782}, {"id": 1783}, {"id": 1784}, {"id": 1785}, {"id": 1786}, {"id": 1787}, {"id": 1788}, {"id": 1789}, {"id": 1790}, {"id": 1791}, {"id": 1792}, {"id": 1793}, {"id": 1794}, {"id": 1795}, {"id": 1796}, {"id": 1797}, {"id": 1798}, {"id": 1799}, {"id": 1800}, {"id": 1801}, {"id": 1802}, {"id": 1803}, {"id": 1804}, {"id": 1805}, {"id": 1806}, {"id": 1807}, {"id": 1808}, {"id": 1809}, {"id": 1810}, {"id": 1811}, {"id": 1812}, {"id": 1813}, {"id": 1814}, {"id": 1815}, {"id": 1816}, {"id": 1817}, {"id": 1818}, {"id": 1819}, {"id": 1820}, {"id": 1821}, {"id": 1822}, {"id": 1823}, {"id": 1824}, {"id": 1825}, {"id": 1826}, {"id": 1827}, {"id": 1828}, {"id": 1829}, {"id": 1830}, {"id": 1831}, {"id": 1832}, {"id": 1833}, {"id": 1834}, {"id": 1835}, {"id": 1836}, {"id": 1837}, {"id": 1838}, {"id": 1839}, {"id": 1840}, {"id": 1841}, {"id": 1842}, {"id": 1843}, {"id": 1844}, {"id": 1845}, {"id": 1846}, {"id": 1847}, {"id": 1848}, {"id": 1849}, {"id": 1850}, {"id": 1851}, {"id": 1852}, {"id": 1853}, {"id": 1854}, {"id": 1855}, {"id": 1856}, {"id": 1857}, {"id": 1858}, {"id": 1859}, {"id": 1860}, {"id": 1861}, {"id": 1862}, {"id": 1863}, {"id": 1864}, {"id": 1865}, {"id": 1866}, {"id": 1867}, {"id": 1868}, {"id": 1869}, {"id": 1870}, {"id": 1871}, {"id": 1872}, {"id": 1873}, {"id": 1874}, {"id": 1875}, {"id": 1876}, {"id": 1877}, {"id": 1878}, {"id": 1879}, {"id": 1880}, {"id": 1881}, {"id": 1882}, {"id": 1883}, {"id": 1884}, {"id": 1885}, {"id": 1886}, {"id": 1887}, {"id": 1888}, {"id": 1889}, {"id": 1890}, {"id": 1891}, {"id": 1892}, {"id": 1893}, {"id": 1894}, {"id": 1895}, {"id": 1896}, {"id": 1897}, {"id": 1898}, {"id": 1899}]}, "entities": {"values": [{"id": 15, "name": "Afghanistan", "code": "AFG"}, {"id": 273, "name": "Africa", "code": "OWID_AFR"}, {"id": 367024, "name": "Africa (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 321915, "name": "Africa (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 16, "name": "Albania", "code": "ALB"}, {"id": 17, "name": "Algeria", "code": "DZA"}, {"id": 246, "name": "American Samoa", "code": "ASM"}, {"id": 19, "name": "Angola", "code": "AGO"}, {"id": 20, "name": "Antigua and Barbuda", "code": "ATG"}, {"id": 21, "name": "Argentina", "code": "ARG"}, {"id": 22, "name": "Armenia", "code": "ARM"}, {"id": 219, "name": "Aruba", "code": "ABW"}, {"id": 275, "name": "Asia", "code": "OWID_ASI"}, {"id": 367029, "name": "Asia Pacific (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 321916, "name": "Asia and Oceania (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 23, "name": "Australia", "code": "AUS"}, {"id": 24, "name": "Austria", "code": "AUT"}, {"id": 25, "name": "Azerbaijan", "code": "AZE"}, {"id": 26, "name": "Bahamas", "code": "BHS"}, {"id": 27, "name": "Bahrain", "code": "BHR"}, {"id": 28, "name": "Bangladesh", "code": "BGD"}, {"id": 29, "name": "Barbados", "code": "BRB"}, {"id": 30, "name": "Belarus", "code": "BLR"}, {"id": 4, "name": "Belgium", "code": "BEL"}, {"id": 31, "name": "Belize", "code": "BLZ"}, {"id": 32, "name": "Benin", "code": "BEN"}, {"id": 194, "name": "Bermuda", "code": "BMU"}, {"id": 33, "name": "Bhutan", "code": "BTN"}, {"id": 34, "name": "Bolivia", "code": "BOL"}, {"id": 35, "name": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "code": "BIH"}, {"id": 36, "name": "Botswana", "code": "BWA"}, {"id": 37, "name": "Brazil", "code": "BRA"}, {"id": 196, "name": "British Virgin Islands", "code": "VGB"}, {"id": 38, "name": "Brunei", "code": "BRN"}, {"id": 39, "name": "Bulgaria", "code": "BGR"}, {"id": 40, "name": "Burkina Faso", "code": "BFA"}, {"id": 41, "name": "Burundi", "code": "BDI"}, {"id": 367031, "name": "CIS (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 42, "name": "Cambodia", "code": "KHM"}, {"id": 43, "name": "Cameroon", "code": "CMR"}, {"id": 44, "name": "Canada", "code": "CAN"}, {"id": 45, "name": "Cape Verde", "code": "CPV"}, {"id": 197, "name": "Cayman Islands", "code": "CYM"}, {"id": 174, "name": "Central African Republic", "code": "CAF"}, {"id": 321922, "name": "Central and South America (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 173, "name": "Chad", "code": "TCD"}, {"id": 172, "name": "Chile", "code": "CHL"}, {"id": 171, "name": "China", "code": "CHN"}, {"id": 170, "name": "Colombia", "code": "COL"}, {"id": 169, "name": "Comoros", "code": "COM"}, {"id": 168, "name": "Congo", "code": "COG"}, {"id": 199, "name": "Cook Islands", "code": "COK"}, {"id": 166, "name": "Costa Rica", "code": "CRI"}, {"id": 143, "name": "Cote d'Ivoire", "code": "CIV"}, {"id": 165, "name": "Croatia", "code": "HRV"}, {"id": 164, "name": "Cuba", "code": "CUB"}, {"id": 163, "name": "Cyprus", "code": "CYP"}, {"id": 162, "name": "Czechia", "code": "CZE"}, {"id": 267, "name": "Czechoslovakia", "code": "OWID_CZS"}, {"id": 167, "name": "Democratic Republic of Congo", "code": "COD"}, {"id": 161, "name": "Denmark", "code": "DNK"}, {"id": 154, "name": "Djibouti", "code": "DJI"}, {"id": 200, "name": "Dominica", "code": "DMA"}, {"id": 160, "name": "Dominican Republic", "code": "DOM"}, {"id": 321917, "name": "EU28 (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 225, "name": "East Timor", "code": "TLS"}, {"id": 201, "name": "Ecuador", "code": "ECU"}, {"id": 65, "name": "Egypt", "code": "EGY"}, {"id": 259, "name": "El Salvador", "code": "SLV"}, {"id": 159, "name": "Equatorial Guinea", "code": "GNQ"}, {"id": 157, "name": "Eritrea", "code": "ERI"}, {"id": 156, "name": "Estonia", "code": "EST"}, {"id": 78, "name": "Eswatini", "code": "SWZ"}, {"id": 158, "name": "Ethiopia", "code": "ETH"}, {"id": 321925, "name": "Eurasia (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 276, "name": "Europe", "code": "OWID_EUR"}, {"id": 367017, "name": "Europe (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 321924, "name": "Europe (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 115117, "name": "European Union (27)", "code": "OWID_EU27"}, {"id": 249, "name": "Falkland Islands", "code": "FLK"}, {"id": 250, "name": "Faroe Islands", "code": "FRO"}, {"id": 202, "name": "Fiji", "code": "FJI"}, {"id": 155, "name": "Finland", "code": "FIN"}, {"id": 3, "name": "France", "code": "FRA"}, {"id": 253, "name": "French Guiana", "code": "GUF"}, {"id": 203, "name": "French Polynesia", "code": "PYF"}, {"id": 153, "name": "Gabon", "code": "GAB"}, {"id": 151, "name": "Gambia", "code": "GMB"}, {"id": 152, "name": "Georgia", "code": "GEO"}, {"id": 6, "name": "Germany", "code": "DEU"}, {"id": 150, "name": "Ghana", "code": "GHA"}, {"id": 251, "name": "Gibraltar", "code": "GIB"}, {"id": 149, "name": "Greece", "code": "GRC"}, {"id": 205, "name": "Greenland", "code": "GRL"}, {"id": 206, "name": "Grenada", "code": "GRD"}, {"id": 252, "name": "Guadeloupe", "code": "GLP"}, {"id": 254, "name": "Guam", "code": "GUM"}, {"id": 148, "name": "Guatemala", "code": "GTM"}, {"id": 147, "name": "Guinea", "code": "GIN"}, {"id": 94, "name": "Guinea-Bissau", "code": "GNB"}, {"id": 146, "name": "Guyana", "code": "GUY"}, {"id": 145, "name": "Haiti", "code": "HTI"}, {"id": 457, "name": "High-income countries", "code": "OWID_HIC"}, {"id": 139, "name": "Honduras", "code": "HND"}, {"id": 144, "name": "Hong Kong", "code": "HKG"}, {"id": 138, "name": "Hungary", "code": "HUN"}, {"id": 207, "name": "Iceland", "code": "ISL"}, {"id": 137, "name": "India", "code": "IND"}, {"id": 136, "name": "Indonesia", "code": "IDN"}, {"id": 135, "name": "Iran", "code": "IRN"}, {"id": 134, "name": "Iraq", "code": "IRQ"}, {"id": 2, "name": "Ireland", "code": "IRL"}, {"id": 133, "name": "Israel", "code": "ISR"}, {"id": 8, "name": "Italy", "code": "ITA"}, {"id": 132, "name": "Jamaica", "code": "JAM"}, {"id": 14, "name": "Japan", "code": "JPN"}, {"id": 130, "name": "Jordan", "code": "JOR"}, {"id": 131, "name": "Kazakhstan", "code": "KAZ"}, {"id": 129, "name": "Kenya", "code": "KEN"}, {"id": 204, "name": "Kiribati", "code": "KIR"}, {"id": 379, "name": "Kosovo", "code": "OWID_KOS"}, {"id": 208, "name": "Kuwait", "code": "KWT"}, {"id": 126, "name": "Kyrgyzstan", "code": "KGZ"}, {"id": 125, "name": "Laos", "code": "LAO"}, {"id": 122, "name": "Latvia", "code": "LVA"}, {"id": 124, "name": "Lebanon", "code": "LBN"}, {"id": 123, "name": "Lesotho", "code": "LSO"}, {"id": 121, "name": "Liberia", "code": "LBR"}, {"id": 120, "name": "Libya", "code": "LBY"}, {"id": 119, "name": "Lithuania", "code": "LTU"}, {"id": 461, "name": "Low-income countries", "code": "OWID_LIC"}, {"id": 460, "name": "Lower-middle-income countries", "code": "OWID_LMC"}, {"id": 210, "name": "Luxembourg", "code": "LUX"}, {"id": 262, "name": "Macao", "code": "MAC"}, {"id": 118, "name": "Madagascar", "code": "MDG"}, {"id": 117, "name": "Malawi", "code": "MWI"}, {"id": 116, "name": "Malaysia", "code": "MYS"}, {"id": 211, "name": "Maldives", "code": "MDV"}, {"id": 115, "name": "Mali", "code": "MLI"}, {"id": 212, "name": "Malta", "code": "MLT"}, {"id": 284, "name": "Martinique", "code": "MTQ"}, {"id": 114, "name": "Mauritania", "code": "MRT"}, {"id": 213, "name": "Mauritius", "code": "MUS"}, {"id": 113, "name": "Mexico", "code": "MEX"}, {"id": 367032, "name": "Middle East (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 321926, "name": "Middle East (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 111, "name": "Moldova", "code": "MDA"}, {"id": 112, "name": "Mongolia", "code": "MNG"}, {"id": 215, "name": "Montenegro", "code": "MNE"}, {"id": 216, "name": "Montserrat", "code": "MSR"}, {"id": 110, "name": "Morocco", "code": "MAR"}, {"id": 109, "name": "Mozambique", "code": "MOZ"}, {"id": 142, "name": "Myanmar", "code": "MMR"}, {"id": 108, "name": "Namibia", "code": "NAM"}, {"id": 218, "name": "Nauru", "code": "NRU"}, {"id": 107, "name": "Nepal", "code": "NPL"}, {"id": 5, "name": "Netherlands", "code": "NLD"}, {"id": 362, "name": "Netherlands Antilles", "code": "ANT"}, {"id": 220, "name": "New Caledonia", "code": "NCL"}, {"id": 106, "name": "New Zealand", "code": "NZL"}, {"id": 105, "name": "Nicaragua", "code": "NIC"}, {"id": 104, "name": "Niger", "code": "NER"}, {"id": 103, "name": "Nigeria", "code": "NGA"}, {"id": 261, "name": "Niue", "code": "NIU"}, {"id": 367030, "name": "Non-OECD (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 294, "name": "North America", "code": "OWID_NAM"}, {"id": 367020, "name": "North America (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 321921, "name": "North America (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 128, "name": "North Korea", "code": "PRK"}, {"id": 66, "name": "North Macedonia", "code": "MKD"}, {"id": 266, "name": "Northern Mariana Islands", "code": "MNP"}, {"id": 102, "name": "Norway", "code": "NOR"}, {"id": 367028, "name": "OECD (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 321918, "name": "OECD (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 321920, "name": "OPEC (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 277, "name": "Oceania", "code": "OWID_OCE"}, {"id": 217, "name": "Oman", "code": "OMN"}, {"id": 371745, "name": "Other Africa (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 371743, "name": "Other Asia Pacific (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 371735, "name": "Other CIS (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 371736, "name": "Other Europe (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 371744, "name": "Other South and Central America (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 101, "name": "Pakistan", "code": "PAK"}, {"id": 140, "name": "Palestine", "code": "PSE"}, {"id": 100, "name": "Panama", "code": "PAN"}, {"id": 99, "name": "Papua New Guinea", "code": "PNG"}, {"id": 98, "name": "Paraguay", "code": "PRY"}, {"id": 321923, "name": "Persian Gulf (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 97, "name": "Peru", "code": "PER"}, {"id": 96, "name": "Philippines", "code": "PHL"}, {"id": 11, "name": "Poland", "code": "POL"}, {"id": 95, "name": "Portugal", "code": "PRT"}, {"id": 93, "name": "Puerto Rico", "code": "PRI"}, {"id": 226, "name": "Qatar", "code": "QAT"}, {"id": 245, "name": "Reunion", "code": "REU"}, {"id": 92, "name": "Romania", "code": "ROU"}, {"id": 12, "name": "Russia", "code": "RUS"}, {"id": 91, "name": "Rwanda", "code": "RWA"}, {"id": 260, "name": "Saint Helena", "code": "SHN"}, {"id": 227, "name": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "code": "KNA"}, {"id": 229, "name": "Saint Lucia", "code": "LCA"}, {"id": 353, "name": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon", "code": "SPM"}, {"id": 230, "name": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "code": "VCT"}, {"id": 239, "name": "Samoa", "code": "WSM"}, {"id": 232, "name": "Sao Tome and Principe", "code": "STP"}, {"id": 90, "name": "Saudi Arabia", "code": "SAU"}, {"id": 89, "name": "Senegal", "code": "SEN"}, {"id": 88, "name": "Serbia", "code": "SRB"}, {"id": 233, "name": "Seychelles", "code": "SYC"}, {"id": 87, "name": "Sierra Leone", "code": "SLE"}, {"id": 86, "name": "Singapore", "code": "SGP"}, {"id": 85, "name": "Slovakia", "code": "SVK"}, {"id": 83, "name": "Slovenia", "code": "SVN"}, {"id": 195, "name": "Solomon Islands", "code": "SLB"}, {"id": 82, "name": "Somalia", "code": "SOM"}, {"id": 81, "name": "South Africa", "code": "ZAF"}, {"id": 295, "name": "South America", "code": "OWID_SAM"}, {"id": 127, "name": "South Korea", "code": "KOR"}, {"id": 258, "name": "South Sudan", "code": "SSD"}, {"id": 367025, "name": "South and Central America (EI)", "code": null}, {"id": 9, "name": "Spain", "code": "ESP"}, {"id": 141, "name": "Sri Lanka", "code": "LKA"}, {"id": 79, "name": "Sudan", "code": "SDN"}, {"id": 234, "name": "Suriname", "code": "SUR"}, {"id": 10, "name": "Sweden", "code": "SWE"}, {"id": 7, "name": "Switzerland", "code": "CHE"}, {"id": 77, "name": "Syria", "code": "SYR"}, {"id": 198, "name": "Taiwan", "code": "TWN"}, {"id": 76, "name": "Tajikistan", "code": "TJK"}, {"id": 64, "name": "Tanzania", "code": "TZA"}, {"id": 75, "name": "Thailand", "code": "THA"}, {"id": 74, "name": "Togo", "code": "TGO"}, {"id": 235, "name": "Tonga", "code": "TON"}, {"id": 73, "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "code": "TTO"}, {"id": 71, "name": "Tunisia", "code": "TUN"}, {"id": 70, "name": "Turkey", "code": "TUR"}, {"id": 69, "name": "Turkmenistan", "code": "TKM"}, {"id": 236, "name": "Turks and Caicos Islands", "code": "TCA"}, {"id": 270, "name": "USSR", "code": "OWID_USS"}, {"id": 68, "name": "Uganda", "code": "UGA"}, {"id": 67, "name": "Ukraine", "code": "UKR"}, {"id": 72, "name": "United Arab Emirates", "code": "ARE"}, {"id": 1, "name": "United Kingdom", "code": "GBR"}, {"id": 13, "name": "United States", "code": "USA"}, {"id": 367190, "name": "United States Pacific Islands (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 367189, "name": "United States Territories (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 256, "name": "United States Virgin Islands", "code": "VIR"}, {"id": 459, "name": "Upper-middle-income countries", "code": "OWID_UMC"}, {"id": 63, "name": "Uruguay", "code": "URY"}, {"id": 62, "name": "Uzbekistan", "code": "UZB"}, {"id": 221, "name": "Vanuatu", "code": "VUT"}, {"id": 238, "name": "Venezuela", "code": "VEN"}, {"id": 84, "name": "Vietnam", "code": "VNM"}, {"id": 321912, "name": "Wake Island (Shift)", "code": null}, {"id": 248, "name": "Western Sahara", "code": "ESH"}, {"id": 355, "name": "World", "code": "OWID_WRL"}, {"id": 61, "name": "Yemen", "code": "YEM"}, {"id": 271, "name": "Yugoslavia", "code": "OWID_YGS"}, {"id": 60, "name": "Zambia", "code": "ZMB"}, {"id": 80, "name": "Zimbabwe", "code": "ZWE"}]}}, "origins": [{"id": 6798, "titleSnapshot": "Statistical Review of World Energy - Key data", "title": "Statistical Review of World Energy", "description": "The Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy analyses data on world energy markets from the prior year.", "producer": "Energy Institute", "citationFull": "Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025).", "attribution": "Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025)", "attributionShort": "Energy Institute", "urlMain": "https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/", "urlDownload": "https://www.energyinst.org/__data/assets/excel_doc/0008/1656215/EI-Stats-Review-ALL-data.xlsx", "dateAccessed": "2025-06-27", "datePublished": "2025-06-26", "license": {"url": "https://www.energyinst.org/terms", "name": "\u00a9 Energy Institute 2025"}}, {"id": 310, "title": "Energy production from fossil fuels", "description": "The data on energy production from fossil fuels provided by The Shift Data Portal is based on the following sources:\n- For the period 1900-1980: Bouda Etemad and Jean Luciani, World Energy Production 1900 - 1985, ISBN 2-600-56007-6, Data digitalized and published with agreement of B. Etemad.\n- For the period 1980-2016: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Historical Statistics for 1980-2016, accessed on 2019-06-05.", "producer": "The Shift Data Portal", "citationFull": "The Shift Data Portal - Energy production from fossil fuels (2023).", "attributionShort": "Shift", "urlMain": "https://www.theshiftdataportal.org/", "dateAccessed": "2023-12-12", "datePublished": "2019-06-05", "license": {"url": "https://www.theshiftdataportal.org/legal-notice", "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0"}}, {"id": 7094, "title": "Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives", "producer": "Smil", "citationFull": "Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives, 2nd edition, Appendix A, Vaclav Smil (2017).", "attributionShort": "Smil", "urlMain": "https://vaclavsmil.com/book/energy-transitions-global-and-national-perspectives-second-expanded-and-updated-edition/", "dateAccessed": "2023-12-12", "datePublished": "2017-01-01", "license": {"url": "https://vaclavsmil.com/book/energy-transitions-global-and-national-perspectives-second-expanded-and-updated-edition/", "name": "CC BY 4.0"}}, {"id": 15625, "title": "UK historical energy data", "description": "A historical energy data set for the United Kingdom, compiled by Roger Fouquet (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science) for the National Infrastructure Commission (NIC). It brings together long-run time series on the UK's energy consumption, energy prices and carbon dioxide emissions, spanning as far back as 1700.\n\nThe long-run coal series combines historical estimates from M.W. Flinn's and R. Church's volumes of \"The History of the British Coal Industry\" (covering 1700-1830 and 1830-1913 respectively) with the official \"Historical coal data\" published by the UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS), which covers 1853 to 2018.", "producer": "National Infrastructure Commission", "citationFull": "Fouquet, R. (2020). A historical energy data set for the UK. National Infrastructure Commission. Version 1, finalized on 31 March 2020, based on the Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2019 with historical extension. Prepared by Roger Fouquet (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science).", "urlMain": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250323165206/https://nic.org.uk/data/all-data/historic-energy/", "urlDownload": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240812215702id_/https://nic.org.uk/app/uploads/Historical-Energy-Data-Final-Dataset.xlsx", "dateAccessed": "2026-07-02", "datePublished": "2020-10-02", "license": {"url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/", "name": "Open Government License v3.0"}}]}