{"id": 1133079, "name": "Lower bound of the annual temperature anomaly (95% confidence interval)", "unit": "degrees Celsius", "createdAt": "2026-01-15T09:31:01.000Z", "updatedAt": "2026-01-16T14:25:55.000Z", "coverage": "", "timespan": "1850-2025", "datasetId": 7325, "shortUnit": "\u00b0C", "columnOrder": 0, "shortName": "near_surface_temperature_anomaly_lower", "catalogPath": "grapher/climate/2026-01-14/climate_change_impacts_annual/climate_change_impacts_annual#near_surface_temperature_anomaly_lower", "descriptionFromProducer": "The 1961-90 period is most often used as a baseline because it is the period recommended by the World Meteorological Organisation. In some cases other periods are used. For global average temperatures, an 1861-1890 period is sometimes used to show the warming since the \"pre-industrial\" period.", "descriptionProcessing": "- We switch from using 1961-1990 to using 1861-1890 as our baseline to better show how temperatures have changed since pre-industrial times.\n- For each region, we calculate the mean temperature anomalies for 1961-1990 and for 1861-1890. The difference between these two means serves as the adjustment factor.\n- This factor is applied uniformly to both the temperature anomalies and the confidence intervals to ensure that both the central values and the associated uncertainty bounds are correctly shifted relative to the new 1861-1890 baseline.", "type": "float", "dataChecksum": "17941815671011947235", "metadataChecksum": "-6214343657113044865", "datasetName": "Climate Change Impacts - Annual", "updatePeriodDays": 60, "datasetVersion": "2026-01-14", "nonRedistributable": false, "display": {"name": "Lower bound", "unit": "degrees Celsius", "shortUnit": "\u00b0C"}, "schemaVersion": 2, "processingLevel": "major", "presentation": {"titlePublic": "Lower bound of the annual temperature anomaly (95% confidence interval)", "topicTagsLinks": ["Climate Change"]}, "descriptionKey": ["Temperature anomalies show how many degrees Celsius temperatures have changed compared to the 1861-1890 period. This baseline period is commonly used to highlight the changes in temperature since pre-industrial times, prior to major human impacts.", "Temperature averages and anomalies are calculated over all land and ocean surfaces.", "The data includes separate measurements for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, which helps researchers analyze regional differences.", "The global temperature anomaly is the average of both hemisphere measurements.", "This data is based on the HadCRUT5 method. This method averages temperature measurements onto a fixed grid. If no data is available for a grid cell, it remains empty and adds extra uncertainty when calculating averages like the global mean.", "Despite different approaches, HadCRUT5 and other methods show similar global temperature trends."], "dimensions": {"years": {"values": [{"id": 1850}, {"id": 1851}, {"id": 1852}, {"id": 1853}, {"id": 1854}, {"id": 1855}, {"id": 1856}, {"id": 1857}, {"id": 1858}, {"id": 1859}, {"id": 1860}, {"id": 1861}, {"id": 1862}, {"id": 1863}, {"id": 1864}, {"id": 1865}, {"id": 1866}, {"id": 1867}, {"id": 1868}, {"id": 1869}, {"id": 1870}, {"id": 1871}, {"id": 1872}, {"id": 1873}, {"id": 1874}, {"id": 1875}, {"id": 1876}, {"id": 1877}, {"id": 1878}, {"id": 1879}, {"id": 1880}, {"id": 1881}, {"id": 1882}, {"id": 1883}, {"id": 1884}, {"id": 1885}, {"id": 1886}, {"id": 1887}, {"id": 1888}, {"id": 1889}, {"id": 1890}, {"id": 1891}, {"id": 1892}, {"id": 1893}, {"id": 1894}, {"id": 1895}, {"id": 1896}, {"id": 1897}, {"id": 1898}, {"id": 1899}, {"id": 1900}, {"id": 1901}, {"id": 1902}, {"id": 1903}, {"id": 1904}, {"id": 1905}, {"id": 1906}, {"id": 1907}, {"id": 1908}, {"id": 1909}, {"id": 1910}, {"id": 1911}, {"id": 1912}, {"id": 1913}, {"id": 1914}, {"id": 1915}, {"id": 1916}, {"id": 1917}, {"id": 1918}, {"id": 1919}, {"id": 1920}, {"id": 1921}, {"id": 1922}, {"id": 1923}, {"id": 1924}, {"id": 1925}, {"id": 1926}, {"id": 1927}, {"id": 1928}, {"id": 1929}, {"id": 1930}, {"id": 1931}, {"id": 1932}, {"id": 1933}, {"id": 1934}, {"id": 1935}, {"id": 1936}, {"id": 1937}, {"id": 1938}, {"id": 1939}, {"id": 1940}, {"id": 1941}, {"id": 1942}, {"id": 1943}, {"id": 1944}, {"id": 1945}, {"id": 1946}, {"id": 1947}, {"id": 1948}, {"id": 1949}, {"id": 1950}, {"id": 1951}, {"id": 1952}, {"id": 1953}, {"id": 1954}, {"id": 1955}, {"id": 1956}, {"id": 1957}, {"id": 1958}, {"id": 1959}, {"id": 1960}, {"id": 1961}, {"id": 1962}, {"id": 1963}, {"id": 1964}, {"id": 1965}, {"id": 1966}, {"id": 1967}, {"id": 1968}, {"id": 1969}, {"id": 1970}, {"id": 1971}, {"id": 1972}, {"id": 1973}, {"id": 1974}, {"id": 1975}, {"id": 1976}, {"id": 1977}, {"id": 1978}, {"id": 1979}, {"id": 1980}, {"id": 1981}, {"id": 1982}, {"id": 1983}, {"id": 1984}, {"id": 1985}, {"id": 1986}, {"id": 1987}, {"id": 1988}, {"id": 1989}, {"id": 1990}, {"id": 1991}, {"id": 1992}, {"id": 1993}, {"id": 1994}, {"id": 1995}, {"id": 1996}, {"id": 1997}, {"id": 1998}, {"id": 1999}, {"id": 2000}, {"id": 2001}, {"id": 2002}, {"id": 2003}, {"id": 2004}, {"id": 2005}, {"id": 2006}, {"id": 2007}, {"id": 2008}, {"id": 2009}, {"id": 2010}, {"id": 2011}, {"id": 2012}, {"id": 2013}, {"id": 2014}, {"id": 2015}, {"id": 2016}, {"id": 2017}, {"id": 2018}, {"id": 2019}, {"id": 2020}, {"id": 2021}, {"id": 2022}, {"id": 2023}, {"id": 2024}, {"id": 2025}]}, "entities": {"values": [{"id": 36403, "name": "Northern Hemisphere", "code": "OWID_NH"}, {"id": 367650, "name": "Southern hemisphere", "code": null}, {"id": 355, "name": "World", "code": "OWID_WRL"}]}}, "origins": [{"id": 10829, "titleSnapshot": "HadCRUT5 - Global near surface temperature", "title": "HadCRUT5", "description": "The HadCRUT5 near surface temperature data set is produced by blending data from the CRUTEM5 surface air temperature dataset and the HadSST4 sea-surface temperature dataset.\n\nTemperature anomalies are based on the HadCRUT5 near-surface temperature dataset as published by the Met Office Hadley Centre.", "producer": "Met Office Hadley Centre", "citationFull": "Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. [doi:10.1029/2019JD032361](https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/HadCRUT5_accepted.pdf) ([supporting information](https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/HadCRUT5_supporting_information_accepted.pdf)).", "attribution": "Met Office Hadley Centre - HadCRUT5 (2026)", "versionProducer": "HadCRUT.5.1.0.0", "urlMain": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/", "urlDownload": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv", "dateAccessed": "2026-01-14", "datePublished": "2026-01-14", "license": {"url": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/terms_and_conditions.html", "name": "Open Government License v3"}}, {"id": 10830, "titleSnapshot": "HadCRUT5 - Northern hemisphere near surface temperature", "title": "HadCRUT5", "description": "The HadCRUT5 near surface temperature data set is produced by blending data from the CRUTEM5 surface air temperature dataset and the HadSST4 sea-surface temperature dataset.\n\nTemperature anomalies are based on the HadCRUT5 near-surface temperature dataset as published by the Met Office Hadley Centre.", "producer": "Met Office Hadley Centre", "citationFull": "Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. [doi:10.1029/2019JD032361](https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/HadCRUT5_accepted.pdf) ([supporting information](https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/HadCRUT5_supporting_information_accepted.pdf)).", "attribution": "Met Office Hadley Centre - HadCRUT5 (2026)", "versionProducer": "HadCRUT.5.1.0.0", "urlMain": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/", "urlDownload": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.summary_series.northern_hemisphere.annual.csv", "dateAccessed": "2026-01-14", "datePublished": "2026-01-14", "license": {"url": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/terms_and_conditions.html", "name": "Open Government License v3"}}, {"id": 10831, "titleSnapshot": "HadCRUT5 - Southern hemisphere near surface temperature", "title": "HadCRUT5", "description": "The HadCRUT5 near surface temperature data set is produced by blending data from the CRUTEM5 surface air temperature dataset and the HadSST4 sea-surface temperature dataset.\n\nTemperature anomalies are based on the HadCRUT5 near-surface temperature dataset as published by the Met Office Hadley Centre.", "producer": "Met Office Hadley Centre", "citationFull": "Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. [doi:10.1029/2019JD032361](https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/HadCRUT5_accepted.pdf) ([supporting information](https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/HadCRUT5_supporting_information_accepted.pdf)).", "attribution": "Met Office Hadley Centre - HadCRUT5 (2026)", "versionProducer": "HadCRUT.5.1.0.0", "urlMain": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/", "urlDownload": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.summary_series.southern_hemisphere.annual.csv", "dateAccessed": "2026-01-14", "datePublished": "2026-01-14", "license": {"url": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/terms_and_conditions.html", "name": "Open Government License v3"}}]}