{"id": 1133058, "name": "Annual sea surface temperature anomalies (upper bound)", "unit": "degrees Celsius", "createdAt": "2026-01-15T09:31:00.000Z", "updatedAt": "2026-01-16T14:25:55.000Z", "coverage": "", "timespan": "1850-2025", "datasetId": 7325, "shortUnit": "\u00b0C", "columnOrder": 0, "shortName": "sea_temperature_anomaly_high_annual", "catalogPath": "grapher/climate/2026-01-14/climate_change_impacts_annual/climate_change_impacts_annual#sea_temperature_anomaly_high_annual", "descriptionShort": "The upper bound, defined as the 95% confidence interval for the annual sea surface temperature anomalies, represents the deviation of the average sea surface temperature measured at a nominal depth of 20 cm from the 1861-1890 mean, in degrees Celsius.", "descriptionFromProducer": "The 1961-90 period is most often used as a baseline because it is the period recommended by the World Meteorological Organisation. In some cases other periods are used. For global average temperatures, an 1861-1890 period is commonly used to show the warming since the \"pre-industrial\" period.", "descriptionProcessing": "- We switch from using 1961-1990 to using 1861-1890 as our baseline to better show how temperatures have changed since pre-industrial times.\n- For each region, we calculate the mean temperature anomalies for 1961-1990 and for 1861-1890. The difference between these two means serves as the adjustment factor.\n- This factor is applied uniformly to both the temperature anomalies and the confidence intervals to ensure that both the central values and the associated uncertainty bounds are correctly shifted relative to the new 1861-1890 baseline.", "type": "float", "dataChecksum": "10666303416422521100", "metadataChecksum": "-1146718329737918465", "datasetName": "Climate Change Impacts - Annual", "updatePeriodDays": 60, "datasetVersion": "2026-01-14", "nonRedistributable": false, "display": {"unit": "degrees Celsius", "shortUnit": "\u00b0C", "numDecimalPlaces": 1}, "schemaVersion": 2, "processingLevel": "major", "presentation": {"topicTagsLinks": ["Climate Change"]}, "descriptionKey": ["The upper bound is the 95% confidence interval for the annual sea surface temperature anomalies. It represents the range of values within which the true value is expected to fall with 95% certainty."], "dimensions": {"years": {"values": [{"id": 1850}, {"id": 1851}, {"id": 1852}, {"id": 1853}, {"id": 1854}, {"id": 1855}, {"id": 1856}, {"id": 1857}, {"id": 1858}, {"id": 1859}, {"id": 1860}, {"id": 1861}, {"id": 1862}, {"id": 1863}, {"id": 1864}, {"id": 1865}, {"id": 1866}, {"id": 1867}, {"id": 1868}, {"id": 1869}, {"id": 1870}, {"id": 1871}, {"id": 1872}, {"id": 1873}, {"id": 1874}, {"id": 1875}, {"id": 1876}, {"id": 1877}, {"id": 1878}, {"id": 1879}, {"id": 1880}, {"id": 1881}, {"id": 1882}, {"id": 1883}, {"id": 1884}, {"id": 1885}, {"id": 1886}, {"id": 1887}, {"id": 1888}, {"id": 1889}, {"id": 1890}, {"id": 1891}, {"id": 1892}, {"id": 1893}, {"id": 1894}, {"id": 1895}, {"id": 1896}, {"id": 1897}, {"id": 1898}, {"id": 1899}, {"id": 1900}, {"id": 1901}, {"id": 1902}, {"id": 1903}, {"id": 1904}, {"id": 1905}, {"id": 1906}, {"id": 1907}, {"id": 1908}, {"id": 1909}, {"id": 1910}, {"id": 1911}, {"id": 1912}, {"id": 1913}, {"id": 1914}, {"id": 1915}, {"id": 1916}, {"id": 1917}, {"id": 1918}, {"id": 1919}, {"id": 1920}, {"id": 1921}, {"id": 1922}, {"id": 1923}, {"id": 1924}, {"id": 1925}, {"id": 1926}, {"id": 1927}, {"id": 1928}, {"id": 1929}, {"id": 1930}, {"id": 1931}, {"id": 1932}, {"id": 1933}, {"id": 1934}, {"id": 1935}, {"id": 1936}, {"id": 1937}, {"id": 1938}, {"id": 1939}, {"id": 1940}, {"id": 1941}, {"id": 1942}, {"id": 1943}, {"id": 1944}, {"id": 1945}, {"id": 1946}, {"id": 1947}, {"id": 1948}, {"id": 1949}, {"id": 1950}, {"id": 1951}, {"id": 1952}, {"id": 1953}, {"id": 1954}, {"id": 1955}, {"id": 1956}, {"id": 1957}, {"id": 1958}, {"id": 1959}, {"id": 1960}, {"id": 1961}, {"id": 1962}, {"id": 1963}, {"id": 1964}, {"id": 1965}, {"id": 1966}, {"id": 1967}, {"id": 1968}, {"id": 1969}, {"id": 1970}, {"id": 1971}, {"id": 1972}, {"id": 1973}, {"id": 1974}, {"id": 1975}, {"id": 1976}, {"id": 1977}, {"id": 1978}, {"id": 1979}, {"id": 1980}, {"id": 1981}, {"id": 1982}, {"id": 1983}, {"id": 1984}, {"id": 1985}, {"id": 1986}, {"id": 1987}, {"id": 1988}, {"id": 1989}, {"id": 1990}, {"id": 1991}, {"id": 1992}, {"id": 1993}, {"id": 1994}, {"id": 1995}, {"id": 1996}, {"id": 1997}, {"id": 1998}, {"id": 1999}, {"id": 2000}, {"id": 2001}, {"id": 2002}, {"id": 2003}, {"id": 2004}, {"id": 2005}, {"id": 2006}, {"id": 2007}, {"id": 2008}, {"id": 2009}, {"id": 2010}, {"id": 2011}, {"id": 2012}, {"id": 2013}, {"id": 2014}, {"id": 2015}, {"id": 2016}, {"id": 2017}, {"id": 2018}, {"id": 2019}, {"id": 2020}, {"id": 2021}, {"id": 2022}, {"id": 2023}, {"id": 2024}, {"id": 2025}]}, "entities": {"values": [{"id": 36403, "name": "Northern Hemisphere", "code": "OWID_NH"}, {"id": 36404, "name": "Southern Hemisphere", "code": "OWID_SH"}, {"id": 355, "name": "World", "code": "OWID_WRL"}]}}, "origins": [{"id": 10810, "titleSnapshot": "Hadley Centre's Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST) - World", "title": "Hadley Centre's Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST)", "producer": "Met Office Hadley Centre", "citationFull": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Hadley Centre's Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST).\n\nKennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Atkinson, C. P., & Killick, R.\nE. (2019). An ensemble data set of sea-surface temperature change from 1850:\nthe Met Office Hadley Centre HadSST.4.0.0.0 data set. Journal of Geophysical\nResearch: Atmospheres, 124. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029867", "attribution": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Hadley Centre's Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST) (2026)", "attributionShort": "Met Office", "versionProducer": "4.2.0.0", "urlMain": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/", "urlDownload": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/data/HadSST.4.2.0.0_monthly_GLOBE.csv", "dateAccessed": "2026-01-14", "datePublished": "2026-01-09", "license": {"url": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/download.html", "name": "Open Government Licence v3"}}, {"id": 10811, "titleSnapshot": "Hadley Centre's Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST) - Northern hemisphere", "title": "Hadley Centre's Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST)", "producer": "Met Office Hadley Centre", "citationFull": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Hadley Centre's Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST).\n\nKennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Atkinson, C. P., & Killick, R.\nE. (2019). An ensemble data set of sea-surface temperature change from 1850:\nthe Met Office Hadley Centre HadSST.4.0.0.0 data set. Journal of Geophysical\nResearch: Atmospheres, 124. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029867", "attribution": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Hadley Centre's Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST) (2026)", "attributionShort": "Met Office", "versionProducer": "4.2.0.0", "urlMain": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/", "urlDownload": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/data/HadSST.4.2.0.0_monthly_NHEM.csv", "dateAccessed": "2026-01-14", "datePublished": "2026-01-09", "license": {"url": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/download.html", "name": "Open Government Licence v3"}}, {"id": 10812, "titleSnapshot": "Hadley Centre's Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST) - Southern hemisphere", "title": "Hadley Centre's Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST)", "producer": "Met Office Hadley Centre", "citationFull": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Hadley Centre's Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST).\n\nKennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Atkinson, C. P., & Killick, R.\nE. (2019). An ensemble data set of sea-surface temperature change from 1850:\nthe Met Office Hadley Centre HadSST.4.0.0.0 data set. Journal of Geophysical\nResearch: Atmospheres, 124. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029867", "attribution": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Hadley Centre's Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST) (2026)", "attributionShort": "Met Office", "versionProducer": "4.2.0.0", "urlMain": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/", "urlDownload": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/data/HadSST.4.2.0.0_monthly_SHEM.csv", "dateAccessed": "2026-01-14", "datePublished": "2026-01-09", "license": {"url": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/download.html", "name": "Open Government Licence v3"}}]}