{"id": 1207868, "name": "World trade - upper bound (% of GDP) (Estevadeordal, Frantz, and Taylor (2003))", "unit": "%", "description": "World trade as a share of GDP,  upper bound estimates.", "createdAt": "2026-03-10T08:49:16.000Z", "updatedAt": "2026-05-18T08:49:17.000Z", "coverage": "", "timespan": "1500-1820", "datasetId": 7701, "columnOrder": 0, "shortName": "world_trade__upper_bound__pct_of_gdp__estevadeordal__frantz__and_taylor__2003", "catalogPath": "grapher/trade/2018-07-20/world_trade__upper_bound__pct_of_gdp__estevadeordal__frantz__and_taylor__2003__split/world_trade__upper_bound__pct_of_gdp__estevadeordal__frantz__and_taylor__2003__split#world_trade__upper_bound__pct_of_gdp__estevadeordal__frantz__and_taylor__2003", "type": "float", "dataChecksum": "10524793549222374253", "metadataChecksum": "-8185403408428089282", "datasetName": "World trade - upper bound (% of GDP) (Estevadeordal, Frantz, and Taylor (2003)) (split)", "datasetVersion": "2018-07-20", "nonRedistributable": false, "display": {"unit": "%"}, "schemaVersion": 2, "presentation": {}, "dimensions": {"years": {"values": [{"id": 1500}, {"id": 1600}, {"id": 1700}, {"id": 1820}]}, "entities": {"values": [{"id": 355, "name": "World", "code": "OWID_WRL"}]}}, "origins": [{"id": 14943, "title": "The rise and fall of world trade, 1870-1939", "description": "Notes on the calculation of the lower and upper bound estimates from the authors: \"1500\u20131800: Trade growth rates from O'Rourke and Williamson [2002, Table 1; volume estimates only]. Level index derived, and scaled by world GDP levels from Maddison [2001, Table B-18]. The \"upper bound\" series is then scaled to the benchmark 8 percent European trade-GDP ratio for 1780 due to O'Brien [1982], probably an overstatement of the world trade-GDP ratio. The \"lower bound\" series is scaled to the benchmark 2 percent world trade-GDP ratio for 1820 due to Maddison [1995, Table 2-4], possibly biased downwards relative to the long-run trend because of the blockades during the Napoleonic Wars.\"", "producer": "Estevadeordal et al.", "citationFull": "Estevadeordal, A., Frantz, B., and Taylor, A. (2003). The Rise and Fall of World Trade, 1870-1939. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(2), 359-407.", "urlMain": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25053910?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents", "dateAccessed": "2018-07-20", "datePublished": "2003"}]}