{"id": 1208407, "name": "Palma ratio (after tax, equivalized)", "unit": "", "createdAt": "2026-03-16T11:06:29.000Z", "updatedAt": "2026-05-01T09:44:48.000Z", "coverage": "", "timespan": "1963-2024", "datasetId": 7769, "shortUnit": "", "columnOrder": 0, "shortName": "palma_ratio__welfare_type_dhi__equivalence_scale_square_root", "catalogPath": "grapher/lis/2026-03-16/luxembourg_income_study/inequality#palma_ratio__welfare_type_dhi__equivalence_scale_square_root", "dimensions": {"years": {"values": [{"id": 1981}, {"id": 1985}, {"id": 1989}, {"id": 1995}, {"id": 2001}, {"id": 2003}, {"id": 2004}, {"id": 2008}, {"id": 2010}, {"id": 2014}, {"id": 2016}, {"id": 2018}, {"id": 2020}, {"id": 1994}, {"id": 1996}, {"id": 1997}, {"id": 1998}, {"id": 1999}, {"id": 2000}, {"id": 2005}, {"id": 2006}, {"id": 2007}, {"id": 2009}, {"id": 2011}, {"id": 2012}, {"id": 2013}, {"id": 2015}, {"id": 2017}, {"id": 2019}, {"id": 2021}, {"id": 2022}, {"id": 2023}, {"id": 1988}, {"id": 1992}, {"id": 1982}, {"id": 1983}, {"id": 1984}, {"id": 1986}, {"id": 1987}, {"id": 1990}, {"id": 1993}, {"id": 2002}, {"id": 1971}, {"id": 1973}, {"id": 1975}, {"id": 1977}, {"id": 1979}, {"id": 1991}, {"id": 1970}, {"id": 1978}, {"id": 1980}, {"id": 2024}, {"id": 1968}, {"id": 1969}, {"id": 1972}, {"id": 1974}, {"id": 1976}, {"id": 1963}, {"id": 1964}, {"id": 1965}, {"id": 1966}, {"id": 1967}]}, "entities": {"values": [{"id": 23, "name": "Australia", "code": "AUS"}, {"id": 24, "name": "Austria", "code": "AUT"}, {"id": 4, "name": "Belgium", "code": "BEL"}, {"id": 37, "name": "Brazil", "code": "BRA"}, {"id": 39, "name": "Bulgaria", "code": "BGR"}, {"id": 44, "name": "Canada", "code": "CAN"}, {"id": 172, "name": "Chile", "code": "CHL"}, {"id": 171, "name": "China", "code": "CHN"}, {"id": 170, "name": "Colombia", "code": "COL"}, {"id": 143, "name": "Cote d'Ivoire", "code": "CIV"}, {"id": 162, "name": "Czechia", "code": "CZE"}, {"id": 161, "name": "Denmark", "code": "DNK"}, {"id": 160, "name": "Dominican Republic", "code": "DOM"}, {"id": 156, "name": "Estonia", "code": "EST"}, {"id": 155, "name": "Finland", "code": "FIN"}, {"id": 3, "name": "France", "code": "FRA"}, {"id": 152, "name": "Georgia", "code": "GEO"}, {"id": 6, "name": "Germany", "code": "DEU"}, {"id": 149, "name": "Greece", "code": "GRC"}, {"id": 148, "name": "Guatemala", "code": "GTM"}, {"id": 138, "name": "Hungary", "code": "HUN"}, {"id": 207, "name": "Iceland", "code": "ISL"}, {"id": 137, "name": "India", "code": "IND"}, {"id": 2, "name": "Ireland", "code": "IRL"}, {"id": 133, "name": "Israel", "code": "ISR"}, {"id": 8, "name": "Italy", "code": "ITA"}, {"id": 14, "name": "Japan", "code": "JPN"}, {"id": 119, "name": "Lithuania", "code": "LTU"}, {"id": 210, "name": "Luxembourg", "code": "LUX"}, {"id": 115, "name": "Mali", "code": "MLI"}, {"id": 113, "name": "Mexico", "code": "MEX"}, {"id": 5, "name": "Netherlands", "code": "NLD"}, {"id": 102, "name": "Norway", "code": "NOR"}, {"id": 140, "name": "Palestine", "code": "PSE"}, {"id": 100, "name": "Panama", "code": "PAN"}, {"id": 98, "name": "Paraguay", "code": "PRY"}, {"id": 97, "name": "Peru", "code": "PER"}, {"id": 11, "name": "Poland", "code": "POL"}, {"id": 92, "name": "Romania", "code": "ROU"}, {"id": 12, "name": "Russia", "code": "RUS"}, {"id": 88, "name": "Serbia", "code": "SRB"}, {"id": 85, "name": "Slovakia", "code": "SVK"}, {"id": 83, "name": "Slovenia", "code": "SVN"}, {"id": 81, "name": "South Africa", "code": "ZAF"}, {"id": 127, "name": "South Korea", "code": "KOR"}, {"id": 9, "name": "Spain", "code": "ESP"}, {"id": 10, "name": "Sweden", "code": "SWE"}, {"id": 7, "name": "Switzerland", "code": "CHE"}, {"id": 198, "name": "Taiwan", "code": "TWN"}, {"id": 1, "name": "United Kingdom", "code": "GBR"}, {"id": 13, "name": "United States", "code": "USA"}, {"id": 63, "name": "Uruguay", "code": "URY"}, {"id": 84, "name": "Vietnam", "code": "VNM"}]}}, "descriptionShort": "The Palma ratio is a measure of inequality that divides the share received by the richest 10% by the share of the poorest 40%. Higher values indicate higher inequality. Inequality is measured here in terms of income after taxes and benefits.", "type": "float", "grapherConfigIdETL": "019cf653-6f55-7d9c-81e7-cb7856e4b227", "dataChecksum": "4442026093265100249", "metadataChecksum": "383551398627265992", "datasetName": "Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)", "updatePeriodDays": 90, "datasetVersion": "2026-03-16", "nonRedistributable": false, "display": {"name": "Palma ratio (after tax)", "tolerance": 5, "numDecimalPlaces": 1}, "schemaVersion": 2, "processingLevel": "minor", "presentation": {"topicTagsLinks": ["Poverty", "Economic Inequality"]}, "descriptionKey": ["Incomes are distributed very unequally, both between countries and within them. The Palma ratio captures this by comparing the income share of the richest 10% to that of the poorest 40%. For example, a value of 2 means the richest 10% receive twice as much as the poorest 40%. We discuss income inequality more broadly on our page on [Economic Inequality](https://ourworldindata.org/economic-inequality).", "Income is measured after taxes have been paid and most government benefits have been received.", "The data comes from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), which takes the original microdata from national household surveys and harmonizes it \u2014 reconstructing incomes using a common set of definitions across countries. This makes the data more comparable across countries than other sources, but at the cost of covering fewer countries.", "Income has been equivalized \u2013 adjusted to account for the household size and composition, to consider the fact that people in the same household can share costs like rent and heating. LIS uses the square root equivalence scale: household income is divided by the square root of the number of household members."], "origins": [{"id": 14177, "titleSnapshot": "Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) - Inequality", "title": "Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)", "descriptionSnapshot": "Inequality estimates by LIS.", "description": "The Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) is the largest available income database of harmonized microdata collected from over 50 countries in Europe, North America, Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Australasia spanning five decades.\n\nHarmonized into a common framework, LIS datasets contain household- and person-level data on labor income, capital income, pensions, public social benefits (excl. pensions) and private transfers, as well as taxes and contributions, demography, employment, and expenditures.", "producer": "Luxembourg Income Study", "citationFull": "Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database, http://www.lisdatacenter.org (multiple countries; March 2026). Luxembourg: LIS.", "attributionShort": "LIS", "urlMain": "https://www.lisdatacenter.org/our-data/lis-database/", "dateAccessed": "2026-03-16", "datePublished": "2026-03-13", "license": {"url": "https://www.lisdatacenter.org/about-lis/terms-of-use/", "name": "LIS Privacy Policy"}}]}